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¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Table¡¡of¡¡Contents



Introduction¡¡
O¡¡The¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡this¡¡course¡¡of¡¡Lectures¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Philosophical¡¡History¡¡of¡¡the¡¡World¡£¡¡

SECTION¡¡ONE£º¡¡Original¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡1¡¡They¡¡simply¡¡transferred¡¡what¡¡was¡¡passing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡around¡¡them£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡realm¡¡of
representative¡¡intellect¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡2¡¡The¡¡influences¡¡that¡¡have¡¡formed¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡are¡¡identical¡¡with¡¡those¡¡which¡¡have¡¡moulded¡¡the
events¡¡that¡¡constitute¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡his¡¡story¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡3¡¡What¡¡the¡¡historian¡¡puts¡¡into¡¡the¡¡mouths¡¡of¡¡orators¡¡is¡¡an¡¡uncorrupted¡¡transcript¡¡of¡¡their
intellectual¡¡and¡¡moral¡¡habitudes¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡4¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡ancients£»¡¡these¡¡annalists¡¡were¡¡necessarily¡¡great¡¡captains¡¡and¡¡statesmen¡£¡¡

SECTION¡¡TWO£º¡¡Reflective¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡5¡¡Reflective¡¡history's¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡representation¡¡is¡¡not¡¡really¡¡confined¡¡by¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡to
which¡¡it¡¡relates¡£¡¡

___1¡¡Universal¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡6¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡aim¡¡of¡¡Universal¡¡History¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡a¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡history¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people¡¡or¡¡a¡¡country¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡7¡¡History¡¡must¡¡foreshorten¡¡its¡¡pictures¡¡by¡¡abstractions¡£¡¡

___2¡¡Pragmatical¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡8¡¡Pragmatical¡¡History¡¡takes¡¡the¡¡occurrence¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡category¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Past¡¡and¡¡makes¡¡it
virtually¡¡Present¡£¡¡

___3¡¡Critical¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡¡¡9¡¡In¡¡Critical¡¡History£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡history¡¡itself¡¡that¡¡is¡¡presented£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡History¡¡of¡¡History¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡10¡¡Critical¡¡History¡¡adopts¡¡an¡¡abstract¡¡position£»¡¡yet¡¡forms¡¡a¡¡transition¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Philosophical
History¡£¡¡

SECTION¡¡THREE£º¡¡Philosophic¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡11¡¡Philosophy¡¡of¡¡History¡¡means¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡the¡¡thoughtful¡¡consideration¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡12¡¡Reason¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Sovereign¡¡of¡¡the¡¡World£»¡¡history¡¡therefore£»¡¡presents¡¡us¡¡with¡¡a¡¡rational¡¡process¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡13¡¡The¡¡World¡¡of¡¡intelligence¡¡and¡¡conscious¡¡volition¡¡is¡¡not¡¡abandoned¡¡to¡¡chance£»¡¡but¡¡must¡¡show
itself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡light¡¡of¡¡the¡¡self¡­cognisant¡¡Idea¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡14¡¡Two¡¡points¡¡of¡¡view¡¡that¡¡concern¡¡the¡¡generally¡¡diffused¡¡conviction¡¡that¡¡Reason¡¡rules¡¡in¡¡the
world¡£¡¡

I£º¡¡Reason¡¡Governs¡¡World¡¡
¡ì¡¡15¡¡Anaxagoras¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡enunciate¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡Reason¡¡governs¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡16¡¡That¡¡Nature¡¡is¡¡unchangeably¡¡subordinate¡¡to¡¡universal¡¡laws£»¡¡appears¡¡nowise¡¡strange¡¡to¡¡us¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡17¡¡Religious¡¡holds¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡is¡¡not¡¡abandoned¡¡to¡¡chance£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡a¡¡Providence¡¡controls¡¡it¡£¡¡

II¡¡The¡¡Essential¡¡Destiny¡¡of¡¡Reason¡¡
¡ì¡¡18¡¡The¡¡question£»¡¡what¡¡is¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡design¡¡of¡¡the¡¡World£¿¡¡
¡ì¡¡19¡¡Spirit¡¡is¡¡our¡¡substantial¡¡object¡£¡¡Our¡¡task¡¡does¡¡not¡¡require¡¡us¡¡to¡¡contemplate¡¡Nature¡¡as¡¡a
Rational¡¡System¡¡in¡¡itself¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡20¡¡The¡¡three¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Destiny¡¡of¡¡Reason¡£¡¡

___£¨1£©¡¡The¡¡Abstract¡¡Characteristics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nature¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡¡
¡ì¡¡21¡¡As¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡Matter¡¡is¡¡Gravity£»¡¡so£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡¡is¡¡Freedom¡£

¡ì¡¡22¡¡Eastern¡¡nations¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡one¡¡is¡¡free£»¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡and¡¡Romans¡¡that¡¡some¡¡are¡¡free£»¡¡whilst¡¡we
know¡¡that¡¡all¡¡men¡¡are¡¡free¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡23¡¡The¡¡final¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡World£»¡¡we¡¡allege¡¡to¡¡be¡¡Spirit's¡¡consciousness¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡freedom¡£¡¡

___£¨2£©¡¡The¡¡Means¡¡Spirit¡¡Uses¡¡to¡¡Realise¡¡Its¡¡Idea¡¡
¡ì¡¡24¡¡The¡¡first¡¡glance¡¡at¡¡History¡¡convinces¡¡us¡¡that¡¡the¡¡actions¡¡of¡¡men¡¡proceed¡¡from¡¡their¡¡needs£»
their¡¡passions£»¡¡their¡¡characters¡¡and¡¡talents¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡25¡¡Aims£»¡¡principles£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡have¡¡a¡¡place¡¡in¡¡our¡¡thoughts£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sphere¡¡of¡¡reality¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡26¡¡Nothing¡¡great¡¡in¡¡the¡¡World¡¡has¡¡been¡¡accomplished¡¡without¡¡passion¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡27¡¡A¡¡State¡¡is¡¡powerful£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡private¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡its¡¡citizens¡¡is¡¡one¡¡with¡¡the¡¡common¡¡interest¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡28¡¡The¡¡universal¡¡Idea¡¡exists¡¡as¡¡the¡¡substantial¡¡totality¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡abstract¡¡essence¡¡of
free¡¡volition¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡29¡¡The¡¡passions¡¡of¡¡men¡¡are¡¡gratified¡¡and¡¡build¡¡up¡¡the¡¡edifice¡¡of¡¡human¡¡society£»¡¡for¡¡Right¡¡and
Order¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡30¡¡The¡¡agent's¡¡aims¡¡are¡¡limited¡¡but¡¡the¡¡agents¡¡themselves¡¡are¡¡intelligent¡¡thinking¡¡beings¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡31¡¡History¡¡has¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡those¡¡momentous¡¡collisions¡¡between¡¡existing£»¡¡acknowledged¡¡duties£»
laws£»¡¡and¡¡rights¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡32¡¡The¡¡particular¡¡aims¡¡of¡¡great¡¡historical¡¡men¡¡involve¡¡those¡¡large¡¡issues¡¡which¡¡are¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the
World¡­Spirit¡£¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡33¡¡Such¡¡individuals¡¡had¡¡no¡¡consciousness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Idea¡¡they¡¡were¡¡unfolding£»¡¡but¡¡were¡¡practical£»
political¡¡men¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡34¡¡They¡¡are¡¡great¡¡men£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡accomplished¡¡the¡¡needs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡age¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡35¡¡A¡¡World¡­historical¡¡individual¡¡is¡¡devoted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡One¡¡Aim¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡36¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Idea¡¡that¡¡is¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡danger¡£¡¡It¡¡remains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡background£»¡¡untouched¡¡and
uninjured¡£¡¡This¡¡may¡¡be¡¡called¡¡the¡¡cunning¡¡of¡¡reason¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡37¡¡When¡¡speaking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡realisation¡¡of¡¡great¡¡ideals¡¡by¡¡individuals£»¡¡the¡¡subjective¡¡element¡¡in
them¡¡has¡¡an¡¡infinite¡¡right¡¡to¡¡be¡¡consulted¡£¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡38¡¡We¡¡must¡¡not¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Litany¡¡of¡¡Lamentations£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡good¡¡and¡¡pious¡¡often¡¡fare¡¡ill¡¡in¡¡the
world¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡39¡¡The¡¡means¡¡which¡¡the¡¡World¡­Spirit¡¡uses¡¡for¡¡realising¡¡its¡¡Idea¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡activity¡¡of¡¡personal
existences¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡Reason¡¡is¡¡present£»¡¡but¡¡still¡¡obscure¡¡and¡¡unknown¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡

___£¨3£©¡¡The¡¡Embodiment¡¡Spirit¡¡Assumes¡¡¡ª¡¡the¡¡State¡¡
¡ì¡¡40¡¡What¡¡is¡¡the¡¡material¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Ideal¡¡of¡¡Reason¡¡is¡¡wrought¡¡out£¿¡¡¡­¡¡Personality¡¡itself¡¡¡­¡¡human
desires¡¡¡­¡¡Subjectivity¡¡generally¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡41¡¡The¡¡Idea¡¡is¡¡the¡¡inner¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡action£»¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡the¡¡actually£»¡¡existing£»¡¡realised¡¡moral¡¡life¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡42¡¡The¡¡first¡¡error¡¡is¡¡that¡¡man¡¡is¡¡free¡¡by¡¡nature£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡in¡¡society£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡limit¡¡this¡¡natural
freedom¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡43¡¡Freedom¡¡does¡¡not¡¡exist¡¡as¡¡original¡¡and¡¡natural¡¡¡ª¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡first¡¡sought¡¡out¡¡and¡¡won¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡44¡¡The¡¡patriarchal¡¡condition¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡transition£»¡¡its¡¡unity¡¡not¡¡advancing¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡merely
natural¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡45¡¡No¡¡law¡¡can¡¡be¡¡valid¡¡without¡¡the¡¡approval¡¡of¡¡all¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡46¡¡The¡¡State¡¡is¡¡an¡¡abstraction£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡an¡¡actuality£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡embody¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡individual¡¡will¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡47¡¡The¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡constitution¡¡is¡¡made¡¡to¡¡depend¡¡on¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people
as¡¡if¡¡it¡¡were¡¡accidental¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡48¡¡The¡¡State¡¡is¡¡the¡¡embodiment¡¡of¡¡rational¡¡freedom£»¡¡realising¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡an¡¡objective¡¡form¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡49¡¡The¡¡State¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Idea¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡¡in¡¡the¡¡external¡¡manifestation¡¡of¡¡human¡¡Will¡¡and¡¡its¡¡Freedom¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡50¡¡We¡¡observe¡¡a¡¡union¡¡between¡¡the¡¡objective¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡Idea£»¡¡¡­¡¡and¡¡the¡¡subjective¡­¡¡the¡¡personality
that¡¡conceives¡¡and¡¡wills¡¡it¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡51¡¡The¡¡definite¡¡substance¡¡that¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡People¡¡itself¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡52¡¡Freedom¡¡can¡¡exist¡¡only¡¡where¡¡Individuality¡¡is¡¡recognised¡¡as¡¡having¡¡its¡¡real¡¡existence¡¡in¡¡the
Divine¡¡Being¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡53¡¡While¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡based¡¡on¡¡Religion£»¡¡Religion¡¡supposes¡¡the¡¡State¡¡already¡¡to¡¡exist¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡54¡¡Religion¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so¡¡produced£»¡¡its¡¡self¡­production¡¡lies¡¡much¡¡deeper¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡55¡¡An¡¡opposite¡¡folly¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡pretending¡¡to¡¡invent¡¡and¡¡carry¡¡out¡¡political¡¡constitutions
independently¡¡of¡¡religion¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡56¡¡The¡¡State¡¡constitutes¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡its¡¡members£»¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡features¡¡are¡¡their¡¡country£»¡¡their
outward¡¡material¡¡property¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡57¡¡This¡¡matured¡¡totality¡¡constitutes¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡one¡¡People¡£¡¡Each¡¡individual¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Son¡¡of¡¡his
Nation£»¡¡the¡¡Son¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Age¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡58¡¡Each¡¡particular¡¡National¡¡genius¡¡is¡¡only¡¡One¡¡Individual¡¡in¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡Universal¡¡History¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡59¡¡Nothing¡¡further¡¡remains¡¡for¡¡this¡¡introductory¡¡section¡¡to¡¡contemplate¡¡but¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡

III¡¡The¡¡Course¡¡of¡¡World¡¡History¡¡
¡ì¡¡60¡¡History¡¡is¡¡an¡¡advance¡¡to¡¡something¡¡better£»¡¡but¡¡Nature¡¡exhibits¡¡only¡¡a¡¡perpetually
self¡­repeating¡¡cycle¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡61¡¡The¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡Development¡¡finds¡¡actual¡¡existence¡¡in¡¡Spirit£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡the¡¡History¡¡of¡¡the
World¡¡for¡¡its¡¡theatre¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡62¡¡The¡¡Spirit's¡¡expansion¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡harmless¡¡tranquillity¡¡of¡¡mere¡¡growth£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡stern¡¡reluctant
working¡¡against¡¡itself¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡63¡¡The¡¡analysis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡successive¡¡grades£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡abstract¡¡form£»¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡Logic£»¡¡in¡¡their
concrete¡¡aspect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Philosophy¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡64¡¡Possibility¡¡points¡¡to¡¡something¡¡destined¡¡to¡¡become¡¡actual¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡65¡¡The¡¡investigation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡ancient¡¡peoples£»¡¡to¡¡trace¡¡their¡¡annals¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡point¡¡where
fragments¡¡of¡¡primary¡¡revelation¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡met¡¡with¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡66¡¡We¡¡have¡¡to¡¡thank¡¡this¡¡interest¡¡for¡¡many¡¡valuable¡¡discoveries¡¡in¡¡Oriental¡¡literature¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡67¡¡An¡¡advanced¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡science£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡assertion¡¡that¡¡such¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡occurred¡¡at¡¡the
very¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡History¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡68¡¡The¡¡only¡¡method¡¡philosophical¡¡investigation¡¡can¡¡adopt£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡take¡¡up¡¡History¡¡where
Rationality¡¡begins¡¡to¡¡manifest¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡World's¡¡affairs¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡69¡¡The¡¡period¡¡before¡¡history¡¡was¡¡written¡¡are¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡objective¡¡history£»¡¡because¡¡they
present¡¡no¡¡subjective¡¡history¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡70¡¡The¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡Nations¡¡assumes¡¡importance¡¡for¡¡concrete¡¡Reason£»¡¡only¡¡when¡¡they¡¡have
come¡¡in¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡States£»¡¡or¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡form¡¡constitutions¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡71¡¡We¡¡now¡¡have¡¡to¡¡state¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡its¡¡course£º¡¡though¡¡here¡¡only¡¡formally¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡72¡¡The¡¡logical£»¡¡and¡¡dialectical¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Idea£»¡¡viz¡£¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡self¡­determined¡¡¡ª¡¡that¡¡it
assumes¡¡successive¡¡forms¡¡which¡¡it¡¡successively¡¡transcends£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡this¡¡very¡¡process¡¡gains¡¡a¡¡richer
and¡¡more¡¡concrete¡¡shape¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡73¡¡A¡¡doubt¡¡has¡¡been¡¡suggested¡¡whether¡¡in¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡history¡¡and¡¡of¡¡general¡¡culture£»
mankind¡¡have¡¡become¡¡better¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡74¡¡The¡¡History¡¡of¡¡the¡¡World¡¡occupies¡¡a¡¡higher¡¡ground¡¡than¡¡that¡¡on¡¡which¡¡morality¡¡has¡¡properly
its¡¡position¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡75¡¡The¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡Philosophy's¡¡existence¡¡is¡¡the¡¡taking¡¡up¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡thought£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the
same¡¡time¡¡clothing¡¡it¡¡with¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡universality¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡76¡¡Language¡¡attains¡¡on¡¡its¡¡own¡¡particular¡¡ground¡¡a¡¡high¡¡intellectual¡¡development£»¡¡prior¡¡to¡¡the
commencement¡¡of¡¡civilisation¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡77¡¡Philosophy¡¡also¡¡must¡¡make¡¡its¡¡appearance¡¡where¡¡political¡¡life¡¡exists¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡78¡¡Among¡¡all¡¡world¡­historical¡¡peoples£»¡¡art£»¡¡science£»¡¡even¡¡philosophy¡¡show¡¡not¡¡only¡¡diversity¡¡in
style£»¡¡but¡¡still¡¡more¡¡remarkably¡¡in¡¡subject¡­matter¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡79¡¡Those¡¡spheres¡¡of¡¡intelligence¡¡which¡¡lie¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡this¡¡consciousness¡¡are¡¡a¡¡common
ground¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡80¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡concrete¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people¡¡which¡¡we¡¡have¡¡to¡¡recognise£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be
comprehended¡¡spiritually¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡81¡¡History¡¡is¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡¡in¡¡Time£»¡¡as¡¡Nature¡¡is¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Idea¡¡in
Space¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡82¡¡With¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡expenditure¡¡of¡¡power¡¡a¡¡trivial¡¡result¡¡is¡¡produced£»¡¡while¡¡from¡¡what¡¡appears
unimportant£»¡¡a¡¡tremendous¡¡issue¡¡proceeds¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡83¡¡What¡¡traveller¡¡among¡¡the¡¡ruins¡¡of¡¡Carthage¡¡or¡¡Rome¡¡has¡¡not¡¡reflected¡¡on¡¡the¡¡transience¡¡of
kingdoms¡¡and¡¡men¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡84¡¡Spirit¡¡manipulates¡¡itself£»¡¡multiplying¡¡the¡¡material¡¡for¡¡future¡¡endeavours¡¡and¡¡gratifying¡¡its
desires¡¡in¡¡a¡¡variety¡¡which¡¡is¡¡inexhaustible¡£¡¡
¡ì¡¡85¡¡The¡¡very¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡Spirit¡¡is¡¡activity£»¡¡it¡¡realises¡¡its¡¡potentiality¡¡and¡¡becomes¡¡an¡¡object¡¡to
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
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