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country　will　become　calm　as　fast　as　the　information　extends　over　it。

All　eyes；　all　hopes；　are　now　fixed　on　you；　and　were　you　to　decline；

the　chagrin　would　be　universal；　and　would　shake　under　your　feet　the

high　ground　on　which　you　stand　with　the　public。　　Indeed　I　know

nothing　which　would　produce　such　a　shock；　for　on　the　event　of　this

mission　depends　the　future　destinies　of　this　republic。　　If　we　cannot

by　a　purchase　of　the　country　insure　to　ourselves　a　course　of

perpetual　peace　and　friendship　with　all　nations；　then　as　war　cannot

be　distant；　it　behooves　us　immediately　to　be　preparing　for　that

course；　without；　however；　hastening　it；　and　it　may　be　necessary　（on

your　failure　on　the　continent）　to　cross　the　channel。




　　　　　　　　We　shall　get　entangled　in　European　politics；　and　figuring　more；

be　much　less　happy　and　prosperous。　　This　can　only　be　prevented　by　a

successful　issue　to　your　present　mission。　　I　am　sensible　after　the

measures　you　have　taken　for　getting　into　a　different　line　of

business；　that　it　will　be　a　great　sacrifice　on　your　part；　and

presents　from　the　season　and　other　circumstances　serious

difficulties。　　But　some　men　are　born　for　the　public。　　Nature　by

fitting　them　for　the　service　of　the　human　race　on　a　broad　scale；　has

stamped　with　the　evidences　of　her　destination　and　their　duty。




　　　　　　　　But　I　am　particularly　concerned　that　in　the　present　case　you

have　more　than　one　sacrifice　to　make。　　To　reform　the　prodigalities　of

our　predecessors　is　understood　to　be　peculiarly　our　duty；　and　to

bring　the　government　to　a　simple　and　economical　course。　　They；　in

order　to　increase　expense；　debt；　taxation；　and　patronage　tried　always

how　much　they　could　give。　　The　outfit　given　to　ministers　resident　to

enable　them　to　furnish　their　house；　but　given　by　no　nation　to　a

temporary　minister；　who　is　never　expected　to　take　a　house　or　to

entertain；　but　considered　on　a　footing　of　a　voyageur；　they　gave　to

their　extraordinary　missionaries　by　wholesale。　　In　the　beginning　of

our　administration；　among　other　articles　of　reformation　in　expense；

it　was　determined　not　to　give　an　outfit　to　missionaries

extraordinary；　and　not　to　incur　the　expense　with　any　minister　of

sending　a　frigate　to　carry　him　or　bring　him。　　The　Boston　happened　to

be　going　to　the　Mediterranean；　and　was　permitted　therefore　to　take　up

Mr。　Livingstone　and　touch　in　a　port　of　France。　　A　frigate　was　denied

to　Charles　Pinckney　and　has　been　refused　to　Mr。　King　for　his　return。

Mr。　Madison's　friendship　and　mine　to　you　being　so　well　known；　the

public　will　have　eagle　eyes　to　watch　if　we　grant　you　any　indulgencies

of　the　general　rule；　and　on　the　other　hand；　the　example　set　in　your

case　will　be　more　cogent　on　future　ones；　and　produce　greater

approbation　to　our　conduct。　　The　allowance　therefore　will　be　in　this

and　all　similar　cases；　all　the　expenses　of　your　journey　and　voiage；

taking　a　ship's　cabin　to　yourself；　9；000　D。　a　year　from　your　leaving

home　till　the　proceedings　of　your　mission　are　terminated；　and　then

the　quarter's　salary　for　the　expenses　of　the　return　as　prescribed　by

law。　　As　to　the　time　of　your　going　you　cannot　too　much　hasten　it；　as

the　moment　in　France　is　critical。　　St。　Domingo　delays　their　taking

possession　of　Louisiana；　and　they　are　in　the　last　distress　for　money

for　current　purposes。　　You　should　arrange　your　affairs　for　an　absence

of　a　year　at　least；　perhaps　for　a　long　one。　　It　will　be　necessary　for

you　to　stay　here　some　days　on　your　way　to　New　York。　　You　will　receive

here　what　advance　you　chuse。　　Accept　assurances　of　my　constant　and

affectionate　attachment。







　　　　　　　　CIVILIZATION　OF　THE　INDIANS




　　　　　　　　_To　Benjamin　Hawkins_

　　　　　　　　_Washington；　Feb。　18；　1803_

　

　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　Mr。　Hill's　return　to　you　offers　so　safe　a

conveyance　for　a　letter；　that　I　feel　irresistibly　disposed　to　write

one；　tho'　there　is　but　little　to　write　about。　　You　have　been　so　long

absent　from　this　part　of　the　world；　and　the　state　of　society　so

changed　in　that　time；　that　details　respecting　those　who　compose　it

are　no　longer　interesting　or　intelligible　to　you。　　One　source　of

great　change　in　social　intercourse　arose　while　you　were　with　us；　tho'

it's　effects　were　as　yet　scarcely　sensible　on　society　or　government。

I　mean　the　British　treaty；　which　produced　a　schism　that　went　on

widening　and　rankling　till　the　years　'98；　'99；　when　a　final

dissolution　of　all　bonds；　civil　&　social；　appeared　imminent。　　In　that

awful　crisis；　the　people　awaked　from　the　phrenzy　into　which　they　had

been　thrown；　began　to　return　to　their　sober　and　ancient　principles；　&

have　now　become　five…sixths　of　one　sentiment；　to　wit；　for　peace；

economy；　and　a　government　bottomed　on　popular　election　in　its

legislative　&　executive　branches。　　In　the　public　counsels　the　federal

party　hold　still　one…third。　　This；　however；　will　lessen；　but　not

exactly　to　the　standard　of　the　people；　because　it　will　be　forever

seen　that　of　bodies　of　men　even　elected　by　the　people；　there　will

always　be　a　greater　proportion　aristocratic　than　among　their

constituents。　　The　present　administration　had　a　task　imposed　on　it

which　was　unavoidable；　and　could　not　fail　to　exert　the　bitterest

hostility　in　those　opposed　to　it。　　The　preceding　administration　left

99。　out　of　every　hundred　in　public　offices　of　the　federal　sect。

Republicanism　had　been　the　mark　on　Cain　which　had　rendered　those　who

bore　it　exiles　from　all　portion　in　the　trusts　&　authorities　of　their

country。　　This　description　of　citizens　called　imperiously　&　justly

for　a　restoration　of　right。　　It　was　intended；　however；　to　have

yielded　to　this　in　so　moderate　a　degree　as　might　conciliate　those　who

had　obtained　exclusive　possession；　but　as　soon　as　they　were　touched；

they　endeavored　to　set　fire　to　the　four　corners　of　the　public　fabric；

and　obliged　us　to　deprive　of　the　influence　of　office　several　who　were

using　it　with　activity　and　vigilance　to　destroy　the　confidence　of　the

people　in　their　government；　and　thus　to　proceed　in　the　drudgery　of

removal　farther　than　would　have　been；　had　not　their　own　hostile

enterprises　rendered　it　necessary　in　self…defence。　　But　I　think　it

will　not　be　long　before　the　whole　nation　will　be　consolidated　in

their　ancient　principles；　excepting　a　few　who　have　committed

themselves　beyond　recall；　and　who　will　retire　to　obscurity　&　settled

disaffection。




　　　　　　　　Altho'　you　will　receive；　thro'　the　official　channel　of　the　War

Office；　every　communication　necessary　to　develop　to　you　our　views

respecting　the　Indians；　and　to　direct　your　conduct；　yet；　supposing　it

will　be　satisfactory　to　you；　and　to　those　with　whom　you　are　placed；

to　understand　my　personal　dispositions　and　opinions　in　this

particular；　I　shall　avail　myself　of　this　private　letter　to　state　them

generally。　　I　consider　the　business　of　hunting　as　already　become

insufficient　to　furnish　clothing　and　subsistence　to　the　Indians。　　The

promotion　of　agriculture；　therefore；　and　household　manufacture；　are

essential　in　their　preservation；　and　I　am　disposed　to　aid　and

encourage　it　liberally。　　This　will　enable　them　to　live　on　much

smaller　portions　of　land；　and　indeed　will　render　their　vast　forests

useless　but　for　the　range　of　cattle；　for　which　purpose；　also；　as　they

become　better　farmers；　they　will　be　found　useless；　and　even

disadvantageous。　　While　they　are　learning　to　do　better　on　less　land；

our　increasing　numbers　will　be　calling　for　more　land；　and　thus　a

coincidence　of　interests　will　be　produced　between　those　who　have

lands　to　spare；　and　want　other　necessaries；　and　those　who　have　such

necessaries　to　spare；　and　want　lands。　　This　commerce；　then；　will　be

for　the　good　of　both；　and　those　who　are　friends　to　both　ought　to

encourage　it。　　You　are　in　the　station　peculiarly　charged　with　this

interchange；　and　who　have　it　peculiarly　in　your　power　to　promote

among　the　Indians　a　sense　of　the　superior　value　of　a　little　land；

well　cultivated；　over　a　great　deal；　unimproved；　and　to　encourage　them

to　make　this　estimate　truly。　　The　wisdom　of　the　animal　which

amputates　&　abandons　to　the　hunter　the　parts　for　which　he　is　pursued

should　be　theirs；　with　this　difference；　that　the　former　sacrifices

what　is　useful；　the　latter　what　is　not。　　In　truth；　the　ultimate　point

of　rest　&　happiness　for　them　is　to　let　our　settlements　and　theirs

meet　and　blend　together；　to　intermix；　and　become　one　people。

Incorporating　themselves　with　us　as　citizens　of　the　U。S。；　this　is

what　the　natural　progress　of　things　will　of　course　bring　on；　and　it

will　be　better　to　promote　than　to　retard　it。　　Surely　it　will　be

better　for　them　to　be　identified　with　us；　and　preserved　in　the

occupation　of　their　lands；　than　be　exposed　to　the　many　casualties

which　may　endanger　them　while　a　separate　people。　　I　have　little　doubt

but　that　your　reflections　must　have　led　you　to　view　the　various　ways

in　which　their　history　may　terminate；　and　to　see　that　this　is　the　one

most　for　their　happiness。　　And　we　have　already　had　an　application

from　a　settlement　of　Indians　to　become　citizens　of　the　U。S。　　It　is

possible；　perhaps　probable；　that　this　idea　may　be　so　novel　as　that　it

might　shock　the　Indians；　were　it　even　hinted　to　them。　　Of　course；　you

will　keep　it　for　your　own　reflection；　but；　convinced　of　its

soundness；　I　feel　it　consistent　with　pure　morality　to　lead　them

towards　it；　to　familiarize　them　to　the　idea　that　it　is　for　their

interest　to　cede　lands　at　times　to　the　U　S；　and　for　us　thus　to

procure　gratifications　to　our　citizens；　from　time　to　time；　by　new

acquisitions　of　land。　　From　no　quarter　is　there　at　present　so　strong

a　pressure　on　this　subject　as　from　Georgia　for　the　residue　of　the

fork　of　Oconee　&　Ockmulgee；　and　indeed　I　believe　it　will　be　difficult

to　resist　it。　　As　it　has　been　mentioned　that　the　Creeks　had　at　one

time　made　up　their　minds　to　sell　this；　and　were　only　checked　in　it　by

some　indiscretions　of　an　individual；　I　am　in　hopes　you　will　be　able

to　bring　them　to　it　again。　　I　beseech　you　to　use　your