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the star-spangled banner(星条旗)-第1部分

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                     THE STAR…SPANGLED BANNER 



THE STAR…SPANGLED 

                     BANNER 



                      by John A。 Carpenter 



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                             THE STAR…SPANGLED BANNER 



     On August 18; 1814; Admiral Cockburn; having returned with his fleet 

from     the  West    Indies;   sent   to  Secretary    Monroe      at  Washington;      the 

following threat: 

     SIR:     Having      been   called   upon    by   the   Governor…General        of  the 

Canadas to aid him in carrying into effect measures of retaliation against 

the inhabitants of United States for the wanton destruction committed by 

their   army    in  Upper    Canada;     it  has  become     imperiously     my    duty;  in 

conformity with the Governor…General's application; to issue to the naval 

forces under my command an order to destroy and lay waste such towns 

and districts upon the coast as may be found assailable。 

     His fleet was then in the Patuxent River; emptying into the Chesapeake 

Bay。     The    towns    immediately      〃assailable;〃    therefore;   were    Baltimore; 

Washington; and Annapolis。 

     Landing at Benedict's; on the Patuxent; the land forces; enervated by a 

long    sea…voyage;     marched     the   first  day   to  Nottingham;     the  second    to 

Upper   Marlborough。         At   the   latter   place;   a   town   of   some   importance; 

certain    British   officers   were    entertained    by   Dr。  Beanes;     the  principal 

physician      of  that   neighborhood;       and   a  man     well…known      throughout 

southern Maryland。         His character as a host was forced upon him; but his 

services as a physician were freely given; and formed afterward the main 

plea for his lenient treatment while a prisoner。 

     As the British army reached Upper Marlborough; General Winder was 

concentrating       his  troops   at  Bladensburg。       The    duty   of   assigning    the 

regiments      to  their  several   positions    as  they   arrived    on  the   field  was 

performed by Francis Scott Key; a young aide…de…camp to General Smith。 

Key   was   a   practising   lawyer   in   Washington   who   had   a   liking   for   the 

military profession。       He was on duty during the hot and dusty days which 

ended in the defeat of the American army。               Subsequently; he could have 

read   a   newspaper   at    his   residence   in  Georgetown   by   the   light     of  the 

burning   public   buildings   at   Washington;   and   he   passed   with   indignant 

heart the ruins left by the retreating army when; after a night of frightful 

storm;   they   silently   departed   in   a   disorderly   forced   march   of   thirty…five 

miles; to Upper Marlborough。             He then knew what any other city might 



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                               THE STAR…SPANGLED BANNER 



expect   upon   which   the   〃foul   footsteps'   pollution〃   of   the   British   might 

come。 

     The     sorry   appearance      of   the   British   army     gave    the  Marlborough 

people   the   idea   that   it   had   been   defeated;   and   on   the   afternoon   of   the 

following day  Dr。   Beanes   and   his   friends   celebrated   a   supposed   victory。 

Had   they   stayed   in   the   noble   old   mansion   that   the   worthy   but   irascible 

doctor   inhabited   near   Marlborough;   〃The   Star…Spangled   Banner〃   would 

never     have     been    written。     Tempted        by   the   balminess      of   a   warm 

September   afternoon;   however;   the   party   adjoined   to   a   spring   near   the 

house; where; the negro servant having carried out the proper utensils; the 

cool     water    was    tempered     with    those    ingredients     which     mingle    their 

congenial essences to make up that still seductive drink; a Maryland punch。 

It   warms   the   heart;  but   if   used   too   freely  it   makes   a   man   hot…tempered; 

disputatious; and belligerent。           Amid the patriotic jollity; therefore; when 

three   British   soldiers;   belated;   dusty;   and   thirsty;   came   to   the   spring   on 

their   way   to   the   retreating   army;   their  boasting   met   with   an   incredulous 

denial;   which   soon   led   to   their   summary   arrest   as   chicken…stealers   and 

public enemies。         Confined in the insecure Marlborough jail; one of them 

speedily escaped; and reached a scouting…party of British cavalry; which; 

by order of Cockburn; returned to Upper Marlborough; roused Dr。 Beanes 

out   of   his   bed   at   midnight;   and   conveyed   him   to   the   British   ships   at 

Benedict's。 

     As   soon   as   Key   heard   of   the   arrest   of   Dr。   Beanes;   one   of   his   most 

intimate friends; he hurried; under the protection of a flag of truce; to the 

British fleet at the mouth of the Patuxent to arrange for his release。                    John 

S。   Skinner   of   Baltimore;   then   commissioner   for   exchange   of   prisoners; 

accompanied him with his cartel ship。 

     When Key and Skinner reached the British fleet it was already on its 

way up the Chesapeake Bay to the attack on Baltimore。                         Its destination 

was too evident for Cockburn to allow Key to depart and give the alarm。 

He was informed in the admiral's grimmest manner; that while he would 

not hang Dr。 Beanes at the yard…arm; as he had threatened; yet he would 

have     to   keep     every    man     on   board     a   close   prisoner     until    certain 

circumstances        occurred      which     would     render    their   release    advisable。 



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                             THE STAR…SPANGLED BANNER 



When the ships arrived at their destination he assured them that it would 

be only a matter of a few hours before they would be free。 

     From   the   admiral's   flag…ship   the   Surprise;   upon   which   he   was   then 

detained; Key saw some of the finest soldiers of the British army; under 

General Ross; disembarked at North Point; to the southeast of the city of 

Baltimore。       Then   on   Tuesday   morning;   September   13;   1814;   the   fleet 

moved across the broad Patapsco; and ranged themselves in a semicircle 

two   and   a   half   miles   from  the   small   brick   and   earth   fort   which   lay   low 

down   on   a   jutting   projection   of   land   guarding   the   water   approaches   to 

Baltimore on that side。 

     Cockburn's   boast   to   Key   that   the   reduction   of   the   city   would   be   〃a 

matter of a few hours〃 did not look improbable。                 It was garrisoned by a 

small     force   of   regulars    under    General    Armistead;      assisted   by   some 

volunteer artillerists under Judge Nicholson。             It was armed with forty…two 

pounders; and some cannon of smaller caliber; but all totally ineffective to 

reach the British ships in their chosen position。             In addition; a small earth 

battery at the Lazarettowhich; it will be seen; did good serviceguarded 

the   important   approach   to   the   city   by   the   north   branch   of   the   Patapsco; 

while   Fort   Coventry   protected   the   south   branch。       These   batteries   were 

armed only with eighteen and twenty…four pounders。 

     From     seven    on   the   morning     of   Tuesday     until   after  midnight     of 

Wednesday the fleet bombarded Fort McHenry at long range; occasionally 

the gunners in the fort fired a useless shot at the ships。               But at midnight 

word was brought to Cockburn that the land attack on the North Point road 

to the east of the city had failed。          Therefore; unless the fleet could take 

Fort McHenry on the west; retreat was inevitable。 

     Taking advantage of the darkness; a little after midnight sixteen British 

frigates; with bomb…ketches and barges; moved up within close range。                      At 

one o'clock they suddenly opened a tremendous and destructive fire upon 

the fort。    Five hundred bombs fell within the ramparts; many more burst 

over them。 

     The crisis of the fight came when; in the darkness; a rocket ship and 

five barges attempted to pass up the north channel to the city。                 They were 

not   perceived     until  the   British;   thinking   themselves   safe     and   the   ruse 



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                              THE STAR…SPANGLED BANNER 



successful;   gave   a   derisive   cheer   at   the   fort   under   whose   guns   they   had 

passed。     In   avoiding   Fort   McHenry;  however;   they  had   fallen   under   the 

guns   of   the   fort   at   the   Lazaretto;   on   the   opposite   side   of   the   channel。 

This fort; opening fire; so crippled the daring vessels that some of   them 

had to be towed out in their hasty retreat。 

     From midnight till morning Key could know nothing of the fortunes of 

the fight。    At such close quarters a dense smoke enveloped both the ships 

and the fort; and added to the blackness of the night。 

     After the failure to ascend the north branch of the Patapsco; the firing 

slackened。      Now and then a  sullen and spiteful gun   shot its flame  from 

the side of   a British vessel。        Key; pacing   the deck   of the   cartel ship; to 

which   he   had   been   transferred;   could   not   guess   the   cause   of   this。  The 

slackened fire might mean the success of the land attack; in which case it 

would   not   have   been   necessary   to   waste   any   more   powder   on   the   fort。 

Again; it might be that the infernal rain of shells had dismantled the little 

fort itself; and the enemy was on
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