on the relations of man to the lower animals-第12部分

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is　given　in　these　plates　in　a　manner　which　is　altogether　incorrect。'
Indeed；　it　is　perfectly　obvious；　from　a　comparison　of　a　section　of　the
skull　of　the　Chimpanzee　with　these　figures；　that　such　is　the　case；　and
it　is　greatly　to　be　regretted　that　so　inadequate　a　figure　should　have
been　taken　as　a　typical　representation　of　the　Chimpanzee's　brain。〃

From　this　time　forth；　the　untenability　of　his　position　might　have　been
as　apparent　to　Professor　Owen　as　it　was　to　every　one　else；　but；　so　far
from　retracting　the　grave　errors　into　which　he　had　fallen；　Professor
Owen　has　persisted　in　and　reiterated　them；　first；　in　a　lecture
delivered　before　the　Royal　Institution　on　the　19th　of　March；　1861；
which　is　admitted　to　have　been　accurately　reproduced　in　the　'Athenaeum'
for　the　23rd　of　the　same　month；　in　a　letter　addressed　by　Professor　Owen
to　that　journal　on　the　30th　of　March。　　The　'Athenaeum　report　was
accompanied　by　a　diagram　purporting　to　represent　a　Gorilla's　brain；　but
in　reality　so　extraordinary　a　misrepresentation；　that　Professor　Owen
substantially；　though　not　explicitly；　withdraws　it　in　the　letter　in
question。　　In　amending　this　error；　however；　Professor　Owen　fell　into
another　of　much　graver　import；　as　his　communication　concludes　with　the
following　paragraph：　〃For　the　true　proportion　in　which　the　cerebrum
covers　the　cerebellum　in　the　highest　Apes；　reference　should　be　made　to
the　figure　of　the　undissected　brain　of　the　Chimpanzee　in　my　'Reade's
Lecture　on　the　Classification；　etc。；　of　the　Mammalia'；　p。　25；　fig。　7；　8
vo。　1859。〃

It　would　not　be　credible；　if　it　were　not　unfortunately　true；　that　this
figure；　to　which　the　trusting　public　is　referred；　without　a　word　of
qualification；　〃for　the　true　proportion　in　which　the　cerebrum　covers
the　cerebellum　in　the　highest　Apes；〃　is　exactly　that　unacknowledged　copy
of　Schroeder　van　der　Kolk　and　Vrolik's　figure　whose　utter　inaccuracy
had　been　pointed　out　years　before　by　Gratiolet；　and　had　been　brought　to
Professor　Owen's　knowledge　by　myself　in　the　passage　of　my　article　in
the　'Natural　History　Review'　above　quoted。

I　drew　public　attention　to　this　circumstance　again　in　my　reply　to
Professor　Owen；　published　in　the　'Athenaeum'　for　April　13th；　1861；　but
the　exploded　figure　was　reproduced　once　more　by　Professor　Owen；　without
the　slightest　allusion　to　its　inaccuracy；　in　the　'Annals　of　Natural
History'　for　June　1861！

This　proved　too　much　for　the　patience　of　the　original　authors　of　the
figure；　Messrs。　Schroeder　van　der　Kolk　and　Vrolik；　who；　in　a　note
addressed　to　the　Academy　of　Amsterdam；　of　which　they　were　members；
declared　themselves　to　be；　though　decided　opponents　of　all　forms　of　the
doctrine　of　progressive　development；　above　all　things；　lovers　of　truth：
and　that；　therefore；　at　whatever　risk　of　seeming　to　lend　support　to
views　which　they　disliked；　they　felt　it　their　duty　to　take　the　first
opportunity　of　publicly　repudiating　Professor　Owen's　misuse　of　their
authority。

In　this　note　they　frankly　admitted　the　justice　of　the　criticisms　of　M。
Gratiolet；　quoted　above；　and　they　illustrated；　by　new　and　careful
figures；　the　posterior　lobe；　the　posterior　cornu；　and　the　hippocampus
minor　of　the　Orang。　　Furthermore；　having　demonstrated　the　parts；　at　one
of　the　sittings　of　the　Academy；　they　add；　〃la　presence　des　parties
contestees　y　a　ete　universellement　reconnue　par　les　anatomistes
presents　a　la　seance。　　Le　seul　doute　qui　soit　reste　se　rapporte　au　pes
Hippocampi　minor。。。。　　A　l'etat　frais　l'indice　du　petit　pied　d'Hippocampe
etait　plus　prononce　que　maintenant。〃

Professor　Owen　repeated　his　erroneous　assertions　at　the　meeting　of　the
British　Association　in　1861；　and　again；　without　any　obvious　necessity；
and　without　adducing　a　single　new　fact　or　new　argument；　or　being　able
in　any　way　to　meet　the　crushing　evidence　from　original　dissections　of
numerous　Apes'　brains；　which　had　in　the　meanwhile　been　brought　forward
by　Prof。　Rolleston；*　F。R。S。；　Mr。　Marshall；**　F。R。S。；　Mr。　Flower；***　Mr。
Turner；****　and　myself；*****　revived　the　subject　at　the　Cambridge
meeting　of　the　same　body　in　1862。　　Not　content　with　the　tolerably
vigorous　repudiation　which　these　unprecedented　proceedings　met　with　in
Section　D；　Professor　Owen　sanctioned　the　publication　of　a　version　of　his
own　statements；　accompanied　by　a　strange　misrepresentation　of　mine　（as
may　be　seen　by　comparison　of　the　'Times'　report　of　the　discussion）；　in
the　'Medical　Times'　for　October　11th；　1862。　　I　subjoin　the　conclusion
of　my　reply　in　the　same　journal　for　October　25th。

　　　　＇Footnotes＇　*　On　the　Affinities　of　the　Brain　of　the　Orang。
　　　　'Nat。　Hist。　　Review'；　April；　1861。

　　　　**　On　the　Brain　of　a　young　Chimpanzee。　　'Ibid。'；　July；　1861。

　　　　***　On　the　Posterior　lobes　of　the　Cerebrum　of　the
　　　　Quadrumana。　　'Philosophical　Transactions'；　1862。

　　　　****　On　the　anatomical　Relations　of　the　Surfaces　of　the
　　　　Tentorium　to　the　Cerebrum　and　Cerebellum　in　Man　and　the
　　　　lower　Mammals。　　'Proceedings　of　the　Royal　Society　of
　　　　Edinburgh'；　March；　1862。

　　　　*****　On　the　Brain　of　Ateles。　　'Proceedings　of　Zoological
　　　　Society'；　1861。

〃If　this　were　a　question　of　opinion；　or　a　question　of　interpretation　of
parts　or　of　terms；were　it　even　a　question　of　observation　in　which　the
testimony　of　my　own　senses　alone　was　pitted　against　that　of　another
person；　I　should　adopt　a　very　different　tone　in　discussing　this　matter。
I　should；　in　all　humility；　admit　the　likelihood　of　having　myself　erred
in　judgment；　failed　in　knowledge；　or　been　blinded　by　prejudice。

〃But　no　one　pretends　now；　that　the　controversy　is　one　of　the　terms　or　of
opinions。　　Novel　and　devoid　of　authority　as　some　of　Professor　Owen's
proposed　definitions　may　have　been；　they　might　be　accepted　without
changing　the　great　features　of　the　case。　　Hence　though　special
investigations　into　these　matters　have　been　undertaken　during　the　last
two　years　by　Dr。　Allen　Thomson；　by　Dr。　Rolleston；　by　Mr。　Marshall；　and
by　Mr。　Flower；　all；　as　you　are　aware；　anatomists　of　repute　in　this
country；　and　by　Professors　Schroeder　Van　der　Kolk；　and　Vrolik　（whom
Professor　Owen　incautiously　tried　to　press　into　his　own　service）　on　the
Continent；　all　these　able　and　conscientious　observers　have　with　one
accord　testified　to　the　accuracy　of　my　statements；　and　to　the　utter
baselessness　of　the　assertions　of　Professor　Owen。　　Even　the　venerable
Rudolph　Wagner；　whom　no　man　will　accuse　of　progressionist　proclivities；
has　raised　his　voice　on　the　same　side；　while　not　a　single　anatomist；
great　or　small；　has　supported　Professor　Owen。

〃Now；　I　do　not　mean　to　suggest　that　scientific　differences　should　be
settled　by　universal　suffrage；　but　I　do　conceive　that　solid　proofs　must
be　met　by　something　more　than　empty　and　unsupported　assertions。　　Yet
during　the　two　years　through　which　this　preposterous　controversy　has
dragged　its　weary　length；　Professor　Owen　has　not　ventured　to　bring
forward　a　single　preparation　in　support　of　his　often…repeated
assertions。

〃The　case　stands　thus；　therefore：Not　only　are　the　statements　made　by
me　in　consonance　with　the　doctrines　of　the　best　older　authorities；　and
with　those　of　all　recent　investigators；　but　I　am　quite　ready　to
demonstrate　them　on　the　first　monkey　that　comes　to　hand；　while
Professor　Owen's　assertions　are　not　only　in　diametrical　opposition　to
both　old　and　new　authorities；　but　he　has　not　produced；　and；　I　will　add；
cannot　produce；　a　single　preparation　which　justifies　them〃

I　now　leave　this　subject；　for　the　present。For　the　credit　of　my　calling
I　should　be　glad　to　be；　hereafter；　for　ever　silent　upon　it。　　But；
unfortunately；　this　is　a　matter　upon　which；　after　all　that　has
occurred；　no　mistake　or　confusion　of　terms　is　possibleand　in　affirming
that　the　posterior　lobe；　the　posterior　cornu；　and　the　hippocampus　minor
exist　in　certain　Apes；　I　am　stating　either　that　which　is　true；　or　that
which　I　must　know　to　be　false。　　The　question　has　thus　become　one　of
personal　veracity。　　For　myself；　I　will　accept　no　other　issue　than　this；
grave　as　it　is；　to　the　present　controversy。







End