on the relations of man to the lower animals-第3部分

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another。And；　though　these　differences　and　resemblances　cannot　be
weighed　and　measured；　their　value　may　be　readily　estimated；　the　scale
or　standard　of　judgment；　touching　that　value；　being　afforded　and
expressed　by　the　system　of　classification　of　animals　now　current　among
zoologists。

A　careful　study　of　the　resemblances　and　differences　presented　by　animals
has；　in　fact；　led　naturalists　to　arrange　them　into　groups；　or
assemblages；　all　the　members　of　each　group　presenting　a　certain　amount
of　definable　resemblance；　and　the　number　of　points　of　similarity　being
smaller　as　the　group　is　larger　and　'vice　versa'。　　Thus；　all　creatures
which　agree　only　in　presenting　the　few　distinctive　marks　of　animality
form　the　'Kingdom'　ANIMALIA。　　The　numerous　animals　which　agree　only　in
possessing　the　special　characters　of　Vertebrates　form　one　'Sub…Kingdom'
of　this　Kingdom。　　Then　the　Sub…kingdom　VERTEBRATA　is　subdivided　into
the　five　'Classes；'　Fishes；　Amphibians；　Reptiles；　Birds；　and　Mammals；
and　these　into　smaller　groups　called　'Orders'；　these　into　'Families'
and　'Genera'；　while　the　last　are　finally　broken　up　into　the　smallest
assemblages；　which　are　distinguished　by　the　possession　of　constant；
not…sexual；　characters。　　These　ultimate　groups　are　Species。

Every　year　tends　to　bring　about　a　greater　uniformity　of　opinion
throughout　the　zoological　world　as　to　the　limits　and　characters　of
these　groups；　great　and　small。　　At　present；　for　example；　no　one　has　the
least　doubt　regarding　the　characters　of　the　classes　Mammalia；　Aves；　or
Reptilia；　nor　does　the　question　arise　whether　any　thoroughly　well…known
animal　should　be　placed　in　one　class　or　the　other。　　Again；　there　is　a
very　general　agreement　respecting　the　characters　and　limits　of　the
orders　of　Mammals；　and　as　to　the　animals　which　are　structurally
necessitated　to　take　a　place　in　one　or　another　order。

No　one　doubts；　for　example；　that　the　Sloth　and　the　Ant…eater；　the
Kangaroo　and　the　Opossum；　the　Tiger　and　the　Badger；　the　Tapir　and　the
Rhinoceros；　are　respectively　members　of　the　same　orders。　　These
successive　pairs　of　animals　may；　and　some　do；　differ　from　one　another
immensely；　in　such　matters　as　the　proportions　and　structure　of　their
limbs；　the　number　of　their　dorsal　and　lumbar　vertebrae；　the　adaptation
of　their　frames　to　climbing；　leaping；　or　running；　the　number　and　form
of　their　teeth；　and　the　characters　of　their　skulls　and　of　the　contained
brain。　　But；　with　all　these　differences；　they　are　so　closely　connected
in　all　the　more　important　and　fundamental　characters　of　their
organization；　and　so　distinctly　separated　by　these　same　characters　from
other　animals；　that　zoologists　find　it　necessary　to　group　them　together
as　members　of　one　order。　　And　if　any　new　animal　were　discovered；　and
were　found　to　present　no　greater　difference　from　the　Kangaroo　and　the
Opossum；　for　example；　than　these　animals　do　from　one　another；　the
zoologist　would　not　only　be　logically　compelled　to　rank　it　in　the　same
order　with　these；　but　he　would　not　think　of　doing　otherwise。

Bearing　this　obvious　course　of　zoological　reasoning　in　mind；　let　us
endeavour　for　a　moment　to　disconnect　our　thinking　selves　from　the　mask
of　humanity；　let　us　imagine　ourselves　scientific　Saturnians；　if　you
will；　fairly　acquainted　with　such　animals　as　now　inhabit　the　Earth；　and
employed　in　discussing　the　relations　they　bear　to　a　new　and　singular
'erect　and　featherless　biped；'　which　some　enterprising　traveller；
overcoming　the　difficulties　of　space　and　gravitation；　has　brought　from
that　distant　planet　for　our　inspection；　well　preserved；　may　be；　in　a
cask　of　rum。　　We　should　all；　at　once；　agree　upon　placing　him　among　the
mammalian　vertebrates；　and　his　lower　jaw；　his　molars；　and　his　brain；
would　leave　no　room　for　doubting　the　systematic　position　of　the　new
genus　among　those　mammals；　whose　young　are　nourished　during　gestation
by　means　of　a　placenta；　or　what　are　called　the　'placental　mammals。'

Further；　the　most　superficial　study　would　at　once　convince　us　that；
among　the　orders　of　placental　mammals；　neither　the　Whales；　nor　the
hoofed　creatures；　nor　the　Sloths　and　Ant…eaters；　nor　the　carnivorous
Cats；　Dogs；　and　Bears；　still　less　the　Rodent　Rats　and　Rabbits；　or　the
Insectivorous　Moles　and　Hedgehogs；　or　the　Bats；　could　claim　our　'Homo'；
as　one　of　themselves。

There　would　remain　then；　but　one　order　for　comparison；　that　of　the　Apes
（using　that　word　in　its　broadest　sense）；　and　the　question　for
discussion　would　narrow　itself　to　thisis　Man　so　different　from　any　of
these　Apes　that　he　must　form　an　order　by　himself？　　Or　does　he　differ
less　from　them　than　they　differ　from　one　another；　and　hence　must　take
his　place　in　the　same　order　with　them？

Being　happily　free　from　all　real；　or　imaginary；　personal　interest　in　the
results　of　the　inquiry　thus　set　afoot；　we　should　proceed　to　weigh　the
arguments　on　one　side　and　on　the　other；　with　as　much　judicial　calmness
as　if　the　question　related　to　a　new　Opossum。　　We　should　endeavour　to
ascertain；　without　seeking　either　to　magnify　or　diminish　them；　all　the
characters　by　which　our　new　Mammal　differed　from　the　Apes；　and　if　we
found　that　these　were　of　less　structural　value；　than　those　which
distinguish　certain　members　of　the　Ape　order　from　others　universally
admitted　to　be　of　the　same　order；　we　should　undoubtedly　place　the　newly
discovered　tellurian　genus　with　them。

I　now　proceed　to　detail　the　facts　which　seem　to　me　to　leave　us　no　choice
but　to　adopt　the　last　mentioned　course。

It　is　quite　certain　that　the　Ape　which　most　nearly　approaches　man；　in
the　totality　of　its　organization；　is　either　the　Chimpanzee　or　the
Gorilla；　and　as　it　makes　no　practical　difference；　for　the　purposes　of
my　present　argument；　which　is　selected　for　comparison；　on　the　one　hand；
with　Man；　and　on　the　other　hand；　with　the　rest　of　the　Primates；*　I　shall
select　the　latter　（so　far　as　its　organization　is　known）as　a　brute　now
so　celebrated　in　prose　and　verse；　that　all　must　have　heard　of　him；　and
have　formed　some　conception　of　his　appearance。　　I　shall　take　up　as　many
of　the　most　important　points　of　difference　between　man　and　this
remarkable　creature；　as　the　space　at　my　disposal　will　allow　me　to
discuss；　and　the　necessities　of　the　argument　demand；　and　I　shall
inquire　into　the　value　and　magnitude　of　these　differences；　when　placed
side　by　side　with　those　which　separate　the　Gorilla　from　other　animals
of　the　same　order。

　　　　＇Footnote＇　*We　are　not　at　present　thoroughly　acquainted　with
　　　　the　brain　of　the　Gorilla；　and　therefore；　in　discussing
　　　　cerebral　characters；　I　shall　take　that　of　the　Chimpanzee　as
　　　　my　highest　term　among　the　Apes。

In　the　general　proportions　of　the　body　and　limbs　there　is　a　remarkable
difference　between　the　Gorilla　and　Man；　which　at　once　strikes　the　eye。
The　Gorilla's　brain…case　is　smaller；　its　trunk　larger；　its　lower　limbs
shorter；　its　upper　limbs　longer　in　proportion　than　those　of　Man。

I　find　that　the　vertebral　column　of　a　full…grown　Gorilla；　in　the　Museum
of　the　Royal　College　of　Surgeons；　measures　27　inches　along　its　anterior
curvature；　from　the　upper　edge　of　the　atlas；　or　first　vertebra　of　the
neck；　to　the　lower　extremity　of　the　sacrum；　that　the　arm；　without　the
hand；　is　31…1/2　inches　long；　that　the　leg；　without　the　foot；　is　26…1/2
inches　long；　that　the　hand　is　9…3/4　inches　long；　the　foot　11…1/4　inches
long。

In　other　words；　taking　the　length　of　the　spinal　column　as　100；　the　arm
equals　115；　the　leg　96；　the　hand　36；　and　the　foot　41。

In　the　skeleton　of　a　male　Bosjesman；　in　the　same　collection；　the
proportions；　by　the　same　measurement；　to　the　spinal　column；　taken　as
100；　arethe　arm　78；　the　leg　110；　the　hand　26；　and　the　foot　32。　　In　a
woman　of　the　same　race　the　arm　is　83；　and　the　leg　120；　the　hand　and
foot　remaining　the　same。　　In　a　European　skeleton　I　find　the　arm　to　be
80；　the　leg　117；　the　hand　26；　the　foot　35。

Thus　the　leg　is　not　so　different　as　it　looks　at　first　sight；　in　its
proportion　to　the　spine　in　the　Gorilla　and　in　the　Manbeing　very
slightly　shorter　than　the　spine　in　the　former；　and　between　1/10　and　1/5
longer　than　the　spine　in　the　latter。　　The　foot　is　longer　and　the　hand
much　longer　in　the　Gorilla；　but　the　great　difference　is　caused　by　the
arms；　which　are　very　much　longer　than　the　spine　in　the　Gorilla；　very
much　shorter　than　the　spine　in　the　Man。

The　question　now　arises　how　are　the　other　Apes　related　to　the　Gorilla　in
these　respectstaking　the　length　of　the　spine；　measured　in　the　same
way；　at　100。　　In　an　adult　Chimpanzee；　the　arm　is　only　96；　the　leg　90；
the　hand　43；　the　foot　39so　that　the　hand　and　the　leg　depart　more　from
the　human　proportion　and　the　arm　less；　while　the　foot　is　about　the　same
as　in　the　Gorilla。

In　the　Orang；　the　arms　are　very　much　longer　than　in　the　Gorilla　（122）；
while　the　legs　are　shorter　（88）；　the　foot　is　longer　than　the　hand　（52
and　48）；　and　both　are　much　longer　in　proportion　to　the　spine。

In　the　other　man…like　Apes　again；　the　Gibbons；　these　proportions　are
still　further　altered；　the　length　of　the　arms　being　to　that　of　the
spinal　column　as　19　to　11；　while　the　legs　are　also　a　third　longer　than
the　spinal　column；　so　as　to　be　longer　than　in　Man；　instead　of　shorter。
The　hand　is　half　as　long　as　the　spinal　column；　and　the　foot；　shorter
than　the　hand；　is　about　5/11ths　of　the　length　of　the　spinal　column。

Thus　'Hylobates'　is　as　much　longer　in　the　arms　than　the　Gorilla；　as　the
Gorilla　is　longer　in　the　arms　than　Man；　while；　on　the　other　hand；　it　is
as　much　longer　in　the　legs　than　the　Man；　as　the　Man　is　longer　in　the
legs　than　the　Gorilla；　so　that　it　contains　within　itself　the　extremest
deviations　from　the　average　length　of　both　pairs　of　limbs　（See　the
illustration　on　page　196）。

The　Mandrill　presents　a　middle　condition；　the　arms　and　legs　being　nearly
equal　in　length；　and　both　being　shorter　than　the　spinal　column；　while
hand　and　foot　have　nearly　the　same　proportions　to　one　another　and　to
the　spine；　as　in　Man。

In　the　Spider　monkey　（'Ateles'）　the　leg　is　longer　than　the　spine；　and
the　arm　than　the　leg；　and；　finally；　in　that　remarkable　Lemurine　form；
the　Indri　（'Lichanotus'）；　the　leg　is　about　as　long　as　the　spinal
column；　while　the　arm　is　not　more　than　11/18　of　its　length；　the　hand
having