on the relations of man to the lower animals-第9部分

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posterior　cornu；　'x'；　the　hippocampus　minor。

In　fact；　all　the　abundant　and　trustworthy　evidence　（consisting　of　the
results　of　careful　investigations　directed　to　the　determination　of
these　very　questions；　by　skilled　anatomists）　which　we　now　possess；
leads　to　the　conviction　that；　so　far　from　the　posterior　lobe；　the
posterior　cornu；　and　the　hippocampus　minor；　being　structures　peculiar　to
and　characteristic　of　man；　as　they　have　been　over　and　over　again
asserted　to　be；　even　after　the　publication　of　the　clearest
demonstration　of　the　reverse；　it　is　precisely　these　structures　which　are
the　most　marked　cerebral　characters　common　to　man　with　the　apes。　　They
are　among　the　most　distinctly　Simian　peculiarities　which　the　human
organism　exhibits。

As　to　the　convolutions；　the　brains　of　the　apes　exhibit　every　stage　of
progress；　from　the　almost　smooth　brain　of　the　Marmoset；　to　the　Orang
and　the　Chimpanzee；　which　fall　but　little　below　Man。　　And　it　is　most
remarkable　that；　as　soon　as　all　the　principal　sulci　appear；　the　pattern
according　to　which　they　are　arranged　is　identical　with　that　of　the
corresponding　sulci　of　man。　The　surface　of　the　brain　of　a　monkey
exhibits　a　sort　of　skeleton　map　of　man's；　and　in　the　man…like　apes　the
details　become　more　and　more　filled　in；　until　it　is　only　in　minor
characters；　such　as　the　greater　excavation　of　the　anterior　lobes；　the
constant　presence　of　fissures　usually　absent　in　man；　and　the　different
disposition　and　proportions　of　some　convolutions；　that　the　Chimpanzee's
or　the　Orang's　brain　can　be　structurally　distinguished　from　Man's。

So　far　as　cerebral　structure　goes；　therefore；　it　is　clear　that　Man
differs　less　from　the　Chimpanzee　or　the　Orang；　than　these　do　even　from
the　Monkeys；　and　that　the　difference　between　the　brains　of　the
Chimpanzee　and　of　Man　is　almost　insignificant；　when　compared　with　that
between　the　Chimpanzee　brain　and　that　of　a　Lemur。

It　must　not　be　overlooked；　however；　that　there　is　a　very　striking
difference　in　absolute　mass　and　weight　between　the　lowest　human　brain
and　that　of　the　highest　apea　difference　which　is　all　the　more
remarkable　when　we　recollect　that　a　full　grown　Gorilla　is　probably
pretty　nearly　twice　as　heavy　as　a　Bosjes　man；　or　as　many　an　European
woman。　　It　may　be　doubted　whether　a　healthy　human　adult　brain　ever
weighed　less　than　thirty…one　or　two　ounces；　or　that　the　heaviest
Gorilla　brain　has　exceeded　twenty　ounces。

This　is　a　very　noteworthy　circumstance；　and　doubtless　will　one　day　help
to　furnish　an　explanation　of　the　great　gulf　which　intervenes　between
the　lowest　man　and　the　highest　ape　in　intellectual　power；*　but　it　has
little　systematic　value；　for　the　simple　reason　that；　as　may　be
concluded　from　what　has　been　already　said　respecting　cranial　capacity；
the　difference　in　weight　of　brain　between　the　highest　and　the　lowest
men　is　far　greater；　both　relatively　and　absolutely；　than　that　between
the　lowest　man　and　the　highest　ape。　　The　latter；　as　has　been　seen；　is
represented　by；　say　twelve　ounces　of　cerebral　substance　absolutely；　or
by　32：20　relatively；　but　as　the　largest　recorded　human　brain　weighed
between　65　and　66　ounces；　the　former　difference　is　represented　by　more
than　33　ounces　absolutely；　or　by　65：32　relatively。　　Regarded
systematically；　the　cerebral　differences　of　man　and　apes　are　not　of　more
than　generic　value；　his　Family　distinction　resting　chiefly　on　his
dentition；　his　pelvis；　and　his　lower　limbs。

　　　　＇Footnote＇　*　I　say　'help'　to　furnish：　for　I　by　no　means
　　　　believe　that　it　was　any　original　difference　of　cerebral
　　　　quality；　or　quantity　which　caused　that　divergence　between
　　　　the　human　and　the　pithecoid　stirpes；　which　has　ended　in　the
　　　　present　enormous　gulf　between　them。　　It　is　no　doubt
　　　　perfectly　true；　in　a　certain　sense；　that　all　difference　of
　　　　function　is　a　result　of　difference　of　structure；　or；　in
　　　　other　words；　of　difference　in　the　combination　of　the
　　　　primary　molecular　forces　of　living　substance；　and；　starting
　　　　from　this　undeniable　axiom；　objectors　occasionally；　and
　　　　with　much　seeming　plausibility；　argue　that　the　vast
　　　　intellectual　chasm　between　the　Ape　and　Man　implies　a
　　　　corresponding　structural　chasm　in　the　organs　of　the
　　　　intellectual　functions；　so　that；　it　is　said；　the
　　　　non…discovery　of　such　vast　differences　proves；　not　that
　　　　they　are　absent；　but　that　Science　is　incompetent　to　detect
　　　　them。　　A　very　little　consideration；　however；　will；　I　think；
　　　　show　the　fallacy　of　this　reasoning。　　Its　validity　hangs
　　　　upon　the　assumption；　that　intellectual　power　depends
　　　　altogether　on　the　brainwhereas　the　brain　is　only　one
　　　　condition　out　of　many　on　which　intellectual　manifestations
　　　　depend；　the　others　being；　chiefly；　the　organs　of　the　senses
　　　　and　the　motor　apparatuses；　especially　those　which　are
　　　　concerned　in　prehension　and　in　the　production　of　articulate
　　　　speech。

A　man　born　dumb；　notwithstanding　his　great　cerebral　mass　and　his
inheritance　of　strong　intellectual　instincts；　would　be　capable　of　few
higher　intellectual　manifestations　than　an　Orang　or　a　Chimpanzee；　if　he
were　confined　to　the　society　of　dumb　associates。　　And　yet　there　might
not　be　the　slightest　discernible　difference　between　his　brain　and　that
of　a　highly　intelligent　and　cultivated　person。　　The　dumbness　might　be
the　result　of　a　defective　structure　of　the　mouth；　or　of　the　tongue；　or
a　mere　defective　innervation　of　these　parts；　or　it　might　result　from
congenital　deafness；　caused　by　some　minute　defect　of　the　internal　ear；
which　only　a　careful　anatomist　could　discover。

The　argument；　that　because　there　is　an　immense　difference　between　a
Man's　intelligence　and　an　Ape's；　therefore；　there　must　be　an　equally
immense　difference　between　their　brains；　appears　to　me　to　be　about　as
well　based　as　the　reasoning　by　which　one　should　endeavour　to　prove
that；　because　there　is　a　〃great　gulf〃　between　a　watch　that　keeps
accurate　time　and　another　that　will　not　go　at　all；　there　is　therefore　a
great　structural　hiatus　between　the　two　watches。　　A　hair　in　the
balance…wheel；　a　little　rust　on　a　pinion；　a　bend　in　a　tooth　of　the
escapement；　a　something　so　slight　that　only　the　practised　eye　of　the
watchmaker　can　discover　it；　may　be　the　source　of　all　the　difference。

And　believing；　as　I　do；　with　Cuvier；　that　the　possession　of　articulate
speech　is　the　grand　distinctive　character　of　man　（whether　it　be
absolutely　peculiar　to　him　or　not）；　I　find　it　very　easy　to　comprehend；
that　some　equally　inconspicuous　structural　difference　may　have　been　the
primary　cause　of　the　immeasurable　and　practically　infinite　divergence　of
the　Human　from　the　Simian　Stirps。

Thus；　whatever　system　of　organs　be　studied；　the　comparison　of　their
modifications　in　the　ape　series　leads　to　one　and　the　same　resultthat
the　structural　differences　which　separate　Man　from　the　Gorilla　and　the
Chimpanzee　are　not　so　great　as　those　which　separate　the　Gorilla　from
the　lower　apes。

But　in　enunciating　this　important　truth　I　must　guard　myself　against　a
form　of　misunderstanding；　which　is　very　prevalent。　　I　find；　in　fact；
that　those　who　endeavour　to　teach　what　nature　so　clearly　shows　us　in
this　matter；　are　liable　to　have　their　opinions　misrepresented　and　their
phraseology　garbled；　until　they　seem　to　say　that　the　structural
differences　between　man　and　even　the　highest　apes　are　small　and
insignificant。　　Let　me　take　this　opportunity　then　of　distinctly
asserting；　on　the　contrary；　that　they　are　great　and　significant；　that
every　bone　of　a　Gorilla　bears　marks　by　which　it　might　be　distinguished
from　the　corresponding　bone　of　a　Man；　and　that；　in　the　present
creation；　at　any　rate；　no　intermediate　link　bridges　over　the　gap
between　'Homo'　and　'Troglodytes'。

It　would　be　no　less　wrong　than　absurd　to　deny　the　existence　of　this
chasm；　but　it　is　at　least　equally　wrong　and　absurd　to　exaggerate　its
magnitude；　and；　resting　on　the　admitted　fact　of　its　existence；　to
refuse　to　inquire　whether　it　is　wide　or　narrow。　　Remember；　if　you　will；
that　there　is　no　existing　link　between　Man　and　the　Gorilla；　but　do　not
forget　that　there　is　a　no　less　sharp　line　of　demarcation；　a　no　less
complete　absence　of　any　transitional　form；　between　the　Gorilla　and　the
Orang；　or　the　Orang　and　the　Gibbon。　　I　say；　not　less　sharp；　though　it　is
somewhat　narrower。　　The　structural　differences　between　Man　and　the
Man…like　apes　certainly　justify　our　regarding　him　as　constituting　a
family　apart　from　them；　though；　inasmuch　as　he　differs　less　from　them
than　they　do　from　other　families　of　the　same　order；　there　can　be　no
justification　for　placing　him　in　a　distinct　order。

And　thus　the　sagacious　foresight　of　the　great　lawgiver　of　systematic
zoology；　Linnaeus；　becomes　justified；　and　a　century　of　anatomical
research　brings　us　back　to　his　conclusion；　that　man　is　a　member　of　the
same　order　（for　which　the　Linnaean　term　PRIMATES　ought　to　be　retained）
as　the　Apes　and　Lemurs。　　This　order　is　now　divisible　into　seven
families；　of　about　equal　systematic　value：　the　first；　the　ANTHROPINI；
contains　Man　alone；　the　second；　the　CATARHINI；　embraces　the　old…world
apes；　the　third；　the　PLATYRHINI；　all　new…world　apes；　except　the
Marmosets；　the　fourth；　the　ARCTOPITHECINI；　contains　the　Marmosets；　the
fifth；　the　LEMURINI；　the　Lemursfrom　which　'Cheiromys'　should　probably
be　excluded　to　form　a　sixth　distinct　family；　the　CHEIROMYINI；　while　the
seventh；　the　GALEOPITHECINI；　contains　only　the　flying　Lemur
'Galeopithecus'；　a　strange　form　which　almost　touches　on　the　Bats；　as
the　'Cheiromys'　puts　on　a　rodent　clothing；　and　the　Lemurs　simulate
Insectivora。

Perhaps　no　order　of　mammals　presents　us　with　so　extraordinary　a　series
of　gradations　as　thisleading　us　insensibly　from　the　crown　and　summit
of　the　animal　creation　down　to　creatures；　from　which　there　is　but　a
step；　as　it　seems；　to　the　lowest；　smallest；　and　least　intelligent　of
the　placental　Mammalia。　　It　is　as　if　nature　herself　had　foreseen　the
arrogance　of　man；　and　with　Roman　severity　had　provided　that　his
intellect；　by　its　very　triumphs；　should　call　into　prominence　the
slaves；　admonishing　the　conqueror　that　he　is　but　dust。

These　are　the　chief　facts；　this　the　immediate　conclusion　from　them　to
which　I　adverted　in　the　commencemen