symposium-第4部分

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lover　and　the　beloved　alike　eager　in　the　work　of　their　own　improvement。　But　all　other　loves　are　the　offspring　of　the　other；　who　is　the　common　goddess。　To　you；　Phaedrus；　I　offer　this　my　contribution　in　praise　of　love；　which　is　as　good　as　I　could　make　extempore。　　　Pausanias　came　to　a　pause…this　is　the　balanced　way　in　which　I　have　been　taught　by　the　wise　to　speak；　and　Aristodemus　said　that　the　turn　of　Aristophanes　was　next；　but　either　he　had　eaten　too　much；　or　from　some　other　cause　he　had　the　hiccough；　and　was　obliged　to　change　turns　with　Eryximachus　the　physician；　who　was　reclining　on　the　couch　below　him。　Eryximachus；　he　said；　you　ought　either　to　stop　my　hiccough；　or　to　speak　in　my　turn　until　I　have　left　off。　　　I　will　do　both；　said　Eryximachus：　I　will　speak　in　your　turn；　and　do　you　speak　in　mine；　and　while　I　am　speaking　let　me　recommend　you　to　hold　your　breath；　and　if　after　you　have　done　so　for　some　time　the　hiccough　is　no　better；　then　gargle　with　a　little　water；　and　if　it　still　continues；　tickle　your　nose　with　something　and　sneeze；　and　if　you　sneeze　once　or　twice；　even　the　most　violent　hiccough　is　sure　to　go。　I　will　do　as　you　prescribe；　said　Aristophanes；　and　now　get　on。　　　Eryximachus　spoke　as　follows：　Seeing　that　Pausanias　made　a　fair　beginning；　and　but　a　lame　ending；　I　must　endeavour　to　supply　his　deficiency。　I　think　that　he　has　rightly　distinguished　two　kinds　of　love。　But　my　art　further　informs　me　that　the　double　love　is　not　merely　an　affection　of　the　soul　of　man　towards　the　fair；　or　towards　anything；　but　is　to　be　found　in　the　bodies　of　all　animals　and　in　productions　of　the　earth；　and　I　may　say　in　all　that　is；　such　is　the　conclusion　which　I　seem　to　have　gathered　from　my　own　art　of　medicine；　whence　I　learn　how　great　and　wonderful　and　universal　is　the　deity　of　love；　whose　empire　extends　over　all　things；　divine　as　well　as　human。　And　from　medicine　I　would　begin　that　I　may　do　honour　to　my　art。　There　are　in　the　human　body　these　two　kinds　of　love；　which　are　confessedly　different　and　unlike；　and　being　unlike；　they　have　loves　and　desires　which　are　unlike；　and　the　desire　of　the　healthy　is　one；　and　the　desire　of　the　diseased　is　another；　and　as　Pausanias　was　just　now　saying　that　to　indulge　good　men　is　honourable；　and　bad　men　dishonourable：…so　too　in　the　body　the　good　and　healthy　elements　are　to　be　indulged；　and　the　bad　elements　and　the　elements　of　disease　are　not　to　be　indulged；　but　discouraged。　And　this　is　what　the　physician　has　to　do；　and　in　this　the　art　of　medicine　consists：　for　medicine　may　be　regarded　generally　as　the　knowledge　of　the　loves　and　desires　of　the　body；　and　how　to　satisfy　them　or　not；　and　the　best　physician　is　he　who　is　able　to　separate　fair　love　from　foul；　or　to　convert　one　into　the　other；　and　he　who　knows　how　to　eradicate　and　how　to　implant　love；　whichever　is　required；　and　can　reconcile　the　most　hostile　elements　in　the　constitution　and　make　them　loving　friends；　is　skilful　practitioner。　Now　the：　most　hostile　are　the　most　opposite；　such　as　hot　and　cold；　bitter　and　sweet；　moist　and　dry；　and　the　like。　And　my　ancestor；　Asclepius；　knowing　how…to　implant　friendship　and　accord　in　these　elements；　was　the　creator　of　our　art；　as　our　friends　the　poets　here　tell　us；　and　I　believe　them；　and　not　only　medicine　in　every　branch　but　the　arts　of　gymnastic　and　husbandry　are　under　his　dominion。　　　Any　one　who　pays　the　least　attention　to　the　subject　will　also　perceive　that　in　music　there　is　the　same　reconciliation　of　opposites；　and　I　suppose　that　this　must　have　been　the　meaning；　of　Heracleitus；　although；　his　words　are　not　accurate；　for　he　says　that　is　united　by　disunion；　like　the　harmony…of　bow　and　the　lyre。　Now　there　is　an　absurdity　saying　that　harmony　is　discord　or　is　composed　of　elements　which　are　still　in　a　state　of　discord。　But　what　he　probably　meant　was；　that；　harmony　is　composed　of　differing　notes　of　higher　or　lower　pitch　which　disagreed　once；　but　are　now　reconciled　by　the　art　of　music；　for　if　the　higher　and　lower　notes　still　disagreed；　there　could　be　there　could　be　no　harmony…clearly　not。　For　harmony　is　a　symphony；　and　symphony　is　an　agreement；　but　an　agreement　of　disagreements　while　they　disagree　there　cannot　be；　you　cannot　harmonize　that　which　disagrees。　In　like　manner　rhythm　is　compounded　of　elements　short　and　long；　once　differing　and　now…in　accord；　which　accordance；　as　in　the　former　instance；　medicine；　so　in　all　these　other　cases；　music　implants；　making　love　and　unison　to　grow　up　among　them；　and　thus　music；　too；　is　concerned　with　the　principles　of　love　in　their　application　to　harmony　and　rhythm。　Again；　in　the　essential　nature　of　harmony　and　rhythm　there　is　no　difficulty　in　discerning　love　which　has　not　yet　become　double。　But　when　you　want　to　use　them　in　actual　life；　either　in　the　composition　of　songs　or　in　the　correct　performance　of　airs　or　metres　composed　already；　which　latter　is　called　education；　then　the　difficulty　begins；　and　the　good　artist　is　needed。　Then　the　old　tale　has　to　be　repeated　of　fair　and　heavenly　love　…the　love　of　Urania　the　fair　and　heavenly　muse；　and　of　the　duty　of　accepting　the　temperate；　and　those　who　are　as　yet　intemperate　only　that　they　may　become　temperate；　and　of　preserving　their　love；　and　again；　of　the　vulgar　Polyhymnia；　who　must　be　used　with　circumspection　that　the　pleasure　be　enjoyed；　but　may　not　generate　licentiousness；　just　as　in　my　own　art　it　is　a　great　matter　so　to　regulate　the　desires　of　the　epicure　that　he　may　gratify　his　tastes　without　the　attendant　evil　of　disease。　Whence　I　infer　that　in　music；　in　medicine；　in　all　other　things　human　as　which　as　divine；　both　loves　ought　to　be　noted　as　far　as　may　be；　for　they　are　both　present。　　　The　course　of　the　seasons　is　also　full　of　both　these　principles；　and　when；　as　I　was　saying；　the　elements　of　hot　and　cold；　moist　and　dry；　attain　the　harmonious　love　of　one　another　and　blend　in　temperance　and　harmony；　they　bring　to　men；　animals；　and　plants　health　and　plenty；　and　do　them　no　harm；　whereas　the　wanton　love；　getting　the　upper　hand　and　affecting　the　seasons　of　the　year；　is　very　destructive　and　injurious；　being　the　source　of　pestilence；　and　bringing　many　other　kinds　of　diseases　on　animals　and　plants；　for　hoar…frost　and　hail　and　blight　spring　from　the　excesses　and　disorders　of　these　elements　of　love；　which　to　know　in　relation　to　the　revolutions　of　the　heavenly　bodies　and　the　seasons　of　the　year　is　termed　astronomy。　Furthermore　all　sacrifices　and　the　whole　province　of　divination；　which　is　the　art　of　communion　between　gods　and　men…these；　I　say；　are　concerned　with　the　preservation　of　the　good　and　the　cure　of　the　evil　love。　For　all　manner　of　impiety　is　likely　to　ensue　if；　instead　of　accepting　and　honouring　and　reverencing　the　harmonious　love　in　all　his　actions；　a　man　honours　the　other　love；　whether　in　his　feelings　towards　gods　or　parents；　towards　the　living　or　the　dead。　Wherefore　the　business　of　divination　is　to　see　to　these　loves　and　to　heal　them；　and　divination　is　the　peacemaker　of　gods　and　men；　working　by　a　knowledge　of　the　religious　or　irreligious　tendencies　which　exist　in　human　loves。　Such　is　the　great　and　mighty；　or　rather　omnipotent　force　of　love　in　general。　And　the　love；　more　especially；　which　is　concerned　with　the　good；　and　which　is　perfected　in　company　with　temperance　and　justice；　whether　among　gods　or　men；　has　the　greatest　power；　and　is　the　source　of　all　our　happiness　and　harmony；　and　makes　us　friends　with　the　gods　who　are　above　us；　and　with　one　another。　I　dare　say　that　I　too　have　omitted　several　things　which　might　be　said　in　praise　of　Love；　but　this　was　not　intentional；　and　you；　Aristophanes；　may　now　supply　the　omission　or　take　some　other　line　of　commendation；　for　I　perceive　that　you　are　rid　of　the　hiccough。　　　Yes；　said　Aristophanes；　who　followed；　the　hiccough　is　gone；　not；　however；　until　I　applied　the　sneezing；　and　I　wonder　whether　the　harmony　of　the　body　has　a　love　of　such　noises　and　ticklings；　for　I　no　sooner　applied　the　sneezing　than　I　was　cured。　　　Eryximachus　said：　Beware；　friend　Aristophanes；　although　you　are　going　to　speak；　you　are　making　fun　of　me；　and　I　shall　have　to　watch　and　see　whether　I　cannot　have　a　laugh　at　your　expense；　when　you　might　speak　in　peace。　　　You　are　right；　said　Aristophanes；　laughing。　I　will　unsay　my　words；　but　do　you　please　not　to　watch　me；　as　I　fear　that　in　the　speech　which　I　am　about　to　make；　instead　of　others　laughing　with　me；　which　is　to　the　manner　born　of　our　muse　and　would　be　all　the　better；　I　shall　only　be　laughed　at　by　them。　　　Do　you　expect　to　shoot　your　bolt　and　escape；　Aristophanes？　Well；　perhaps　if　you　are　very　careful　and　bear　in　mind　that　you　will　be　called　to　account；　I　may　be　induced　to　let　you　off。　　　Aristophanes　professed　to　open　another　vein　of　discourse；　he　had　a　mind　to　praise　Love　in　another　way；　unlike　that　either　of　Pausanias　or　Eryximachus。　Mankind；　he　said；　judging　by　their　neglect　of　him；　have　never；　as　I　think；　at　all　understood　the　power　of　Love。　For　if　they　had　understood　him　they　would　surely　have　built　noble　temples　and　altars；　and　offered　solemn　sacrifices　in　his　honour；　but　this　is　not　done；　and　most　certainly　ought　to　be　done：　since　of　all　the　gods　he　is　the　best　friend　of　men；　the　helper　and　the　healer　of　the　ills　which　are　the　great　impediment　to　the　happiness　of　the　race。　I　will　try　to　describe　his　power　to　you；　and　you　shall　teach　the　rest　of　the　world　what　I　am　teaching　you。　In　the　first　place；　let　me　treat　of　the　nature　of　man　and　what　has　happened　to　it；　for　the　original　human　nature　was　not　like　the　present；　but　different。　The　sexes　were　not　two　as　they　are　now；　but　originally　three　in　number；　there　was　man；　woman；　and　the　union　of　the　two；　having　a　name　corresponding　to　this　double　nature；　which　had　once　a　real　existence；　but　is　now　lost；　and　the　word　〃Androgynous〃　is　only　preserved　as　a　term　of　reproach。　In　the　second　place；　the　primeval　man　was　round；　his　back　and　sides　forming　a　circle；　and　he　had　four　hands　and　four　feet；　one　head　with　two　faces；　looking　opposite　ways；　set　on　a　round　neck　and　precisely　alike；　also　four　ears；　two　privy　members；　and　the　remainder　to　correspond。　He　could　walk　upright　as　men　now　do；　backwards　or　forwards　as　he　pleased；　and　he　could　also　roll　over　and　over　at　a　great　pace；　turning　on　his　four　hands　and　four　feet；　eight　in　all；　like　tumblers　going　over　and　over　with　their