lectures11-13-第2部分

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appropriately　as　a　〃higher　affection。〃　　If　we　are　soon　to　die；　or



if　we　believe　a　day　of　judgment　to　be　near　at　hand；　how　quickly



do　we　put　our　moral　house　in　orderwe　do　not　see　how　sin　can



evermore　exert　temptation　over　us！　Old…fashioned　hell…fire



Christianity　well　knew　how　to　extract　from　fear　its　full



equivalent　in　the　way　of　fruits　for　repentance；　and　its　full



conversion　value。















One　mode　of　emotional　excitability　is　exceedingly　important　in



the　composition　of　the　energetic　character；　from　its　peculiarly



destructive　power　over　inhibitions。　　I　mean　what　in　its　lower



form　is　mere　irascibility；　susceptibility　to　wrath；　the　fighting



temper；　and　what　in　subtler　ways　manifests　itself　as　impatience；



grimness；　earnestness；　severity　of　character。　Earnestness　means



willingness　to　live　with　energy；　though　energy　bring　pain。　　The



pain　may　be　pain　to　other　people　or　pain　to　one's　selfit　makes



little　difference；　for　when　the　strenuous　mood　is　on　one；　the　aim



is　to　break　something；　no　matter　whose　or　what。　　Nothing



annihilates　an　inhibition　as　irresistibly　as　anger　does　it；　for；



as　Moltke　says　of　war；　destruction　pure　and　simple　is　its



essence。　　This　is　what　makes　it　so　invaluable　an　ally　of　every



other　passion。　　The　sweetest　delights　are　trampled　on　with　a



ferocious　pleasure　the　moment　they　offer　themselves　as　checks　to



a　cause　by　which　our　higher　indignations　are　elicited。　　It　costs



then　nothing　to　drop　friendships；　to　renounce　long…rooted



privileges　and　possessions；　to　break　with　social　ties。　　Rather　do



we　take　a　stern　joy　in　the　astringency　and　desolation；　and　what



is　called　weakness　of　character　seems　in　most　cases　to　consist　in



the　inaptitude　for　these　sacrificial　moods；　of　which　one's　own



inferior　self　and　its　pet　softnesses　must　often　be　the　targets



and　the　victims。＇145＇







＇145＇　Example：　　Benjamin　Constant　was　often　marveled　at　as　an



extraordinary　instance　of　superior　intelligence　with　inferior



character。　　He　writes　（Journal；　Paris；　1895；　p。　56）；　〃I　am　tossed



and　dragged　about　by　my　miserable　weakness。　　Never　was　anything



so　ridiculous　as　my　indecision。　　Now　marriage；　now　solitude；　now



Germany；　now　France　hesitation　upon　hesitation；　and　all　because



at　bottom　I　am　UNABLE　TO　GIVE　UP　ANYTHING。〃　　He　can't　〃get　mad〃



at　any　of　his　alternatives；　and　the　career　of　a　man　beset　by　such



an　all…round　amiability　is　hopeless。















So　far　I　have　spoken　of　temporary　alterations　produced　by



shifting　excitements　in　the　same　person。　　But　the　relatively



fixed　differences　of　character　of　different　persons　are　explained



in　a　precisely　similar　way。　　In　a　man　with　a　liability　to　a



special　sort　of　emotion；　whole　ranges　of　inhibition　habitually



vanish；　which　in　other　men　remain　effective；　and　other　sorts　of



inhibition　take　their　place。　　When　a　person　has　an　inborn　genius



for　certain　emotions；　his　life　differs　strangely　from　that　of



ordinary　people；　for　none　of　their　usual　deterrents　check　him。　



Your　mere　aspirant　to　a　type　of　character；　on　the　contrary；　only



shows；　when　your　natural　lover；　fighter；　or　reformer；　with　whom



the　passion　is　a　gift　of　nature；　comes　along；　the　hopeless



inferiority　of　voluntary　to　instinctive　action。　　He　has



deliberately　to　overcome　his　inhibitions；　the　genius　with　the



inborn　passion　seems　not　to　feel　them　at　all；　he　is　free　of　all



that　inner　friction　and　nervous　waste。　　To　a　Fox；　a　Garibaldi；　a



General　Booth；　a　John　Brown；　a　Louise　Michel；　a　Bradlaugh；　the



obstacles　omnipotent　over　those　around　them　are　as　if



non…existent。　　Should　the　rest　of　us　so　disregard　them；　there



might　be　many　such　heroes；　for　many　have　the　wish　to　live　for



similar　ideals；　and　only　the　adequate　degree　of



inhibition…quenching　fury　is　lacking。＇146＇







＇146＇　The　great　thing　which　the　higher　excitabilities　give　is



COURAGE；　and　the　addition　or　subtraction　of　a　certain　amount　of



this　quality　makes　a　different　man；　a　different　life。　　Various



excitements　let　the　courage　loose。　　Trustful　hope　will　do　it；



inspiring　example　will　do　it；　love　will　do　it；　wrath　will　do　it。　



In　some　people　it　is　natively　so　high　that　the　mere　touch　of



danger　does　it；　though　danger　is　for　most　men　the　great　inhibitor



of　action。　　〃Love　of　adventure〃　becomes　in　such　persons　a　ruling



passion。　　〃I　believe；〃　says　General　Skobeleff；　〃that　my　bravery



is　simply　the　passion　and　at　the　same　time　the　contempt　of



danger。　　The　risk　of　life　fills　me　with　an　exaggerated　rapture。



The　fewer　there　are　to　share　it；　the　more　I　like　it。　　The



participation　of　my　body　in　the　event　is　required　to　furnish　me



an　adequate　excitement。　　Everything　intellectual　appears　to　me　to



be　reflex；　but　a　meeting　of　man　to　man；　a　duel；　a　danger　into



which　I　can　throw　myself　headforemost；　attracts　me；　moves　me；



intoxicates　me。　　I　am　crazy　for　it；　I　love　it；　I　adore　it。　　I　run



after　danger　as　one　runs　after　women；　I　wish　it　never　to　stop。



Were　it　always　the　same；　it　would　always　bring　me　a　new　pleasure。







When　I　throw　myself　into　an　adventure　in　which　I　hope　to　find　it；



my　heart　palpitates　with　the　uncertainty；　I　could　wish　at　once　to



have　it　appear　and　yet　to　delay。　　A　sort　of　painful　and　delicious



shiver　shakes　me；　my　entire　nature　runs　to　meet　the　peril　with　an



impetus　that　my　will　would　in　vain　try　to　resist。　（Juliette　Adam：　



Le　General　Skobeleff；　Nouvelle　Revue；　1886；　abridged。）　Skobeleff



seems　to　have　been　a　cruel　egoist；　but　the　disinterested



Garibaldi；　if　one　may　judge　by　his　〃Memorie；〃　lived　in　an



unflagging　emotion　of　similar　danger…seeking　excitement。















The　difference　between　willing　and　merely　wishing；　between　having



ideals　that　are　creative　and　ideals　that　are　but　pinings　and



regrets；　thus　depends　solely　either　on　the　amount　of



steam…pressure　chronically　driving　the　character　in　the　ideal



direction；　or　on　the　amount　of　ideal　excitement　transiently



acquired。　　Given　a　certain　amount　of　love；　indignation；



generosity；　magnanimity；　admiration；　loyalty；　or　enthusiasm　of



self…surrender；　the　result　is　always　the　same。　　That　whole　raft



of　cowardly　obstructions；　which　in　tame　persons　and　dull　moods



are　sovereign　impediments　to　action；　sinks　away　at　once。　　Our



conventionality；＇147＇　our　shyness；　laziness；　and　stinginess；　our



demands　for　precedent　and　permission；　for　guarantee　and　surety；



our　small　suspicions；　timidities；　despairs；　where　are　they　now？　



Severed　like　cobwebs；　broken　like　bubbles　in　the　sun







　　　　　〃Wo　sind　die　Sorge　nun　und　Noth



　　　　　　Die　mich　noch　gestern　wollt'　erschlaffen？



　　　　　　Ich　scham'　mich　dess'　im　Morgenroth。〃







The　flood　we　are　borne　on　rolls　them　so　lightly　under　that　their



very　contact　is　unfelt。　　Set　free　of　them；　we　float　and　soar　and



sing。　　This　auroral　openness　and　uplift　gives　to　all　creative



ideal　levels　a　bright　and　caroling　quality；　which　is　nowhere　more



marked　than　where　the　controlling　emotion　is　religious。　　〃The



true　monk；〃　writes　an　Italian　mystic；　〃takes　nothing　with　him　but



his　lyre。〃







＇147＇　See　the　case　on　p。　69；　above；　where　the　writer　describes



his　experiences　of　communion　with　the　Divine　as　consisting



〃merely　in　the　TEMPORARY　OBLITERATION　OF　THE　CONVENTIONALITIES



which　usually　cover　my　life。〃















We　may　now　turn　from　these　psychological　generalities　to　those



fruits　of　the　religious　state　which　form　the　special　subject　of



our　present　lecture。　　The　man　who　lives　in　his　religious　centre



of　personal　energy；　and　is　actuated　by　spiritual　enthusiasms；



differs　from　his　previous　carnal　self　in　perfectly　definite　ways。







The　new　ardor　which　burns　in　his　breast　consumes　in　its　glow　the



lower　〃noes〃　which　formerly　beset　him；　and　keeps　him　immune



against　infection　from　the　entire　groveling　portion　of　his



nature。　　Magnanimities　once　impossible　are　now　easy；　paltry



conventionalities　and　mean　incentives　once　tyrannical　hold　no



sway。　　The　stone　wall　inside　of　him　has　fallen；　the　hardness　in



his　heart　has　broken　down。　　The　rest　of　us　can；　I　think；　imagine



this　by　recalling　our　state　of　feeling　in　those　temporary



〃melting　moods〃　into　which　either　the　trials　of　real　life；　or　the



theatre；　or　a　novel　sometimes　throws　us。　　Especially　if　we　weep！　



For　it　is　then　as　if　our　tears　broke　through　an　inveterate　inner



dam；　and　let　all　sorts　of　ancient　peccancies　and　moral



stagnancies　drain　away；　leaving　us　now　washed　and　soft　of　heart



and　open　to　every　nobler　leading。　　With　most　of　us　the　customary



hardness　quickly　returns；　but　not　so　with　saintly　persons。　　Many



saints；　even　as　energetic　ones　as　Teresa　and　Loyola；　have



possessed　what　the　church　traditionally　reveres　as　a　special



grace；　the　so…called　gift　of　tears。　　In　these　persons　the　melting



mood　seems　to　have　held　almost　uninterrupted　control。　　And　as　it



is　with　tears　and　melting　moods；　so　it　is　with　other　exalted



affections。　　Their　reign　may　come　by　gradual　growth　or　by　a



crisis；　but　in　either　case　it　may　have　〃come　to　stay。〃







At　the　end　of　the　last　lecture　we　saw　this　permanence　to　be　true



of　the　general　paramountcy　of　the　higher　insight；　even　though　in



the　ebbs　of　emotional　excitement　meaner　motives　might　temporarily



prevail　and　backsliding　might　occur。　　But　that　lower　temptations



may　remain　completely　annulled；　apart　from　transient　emotion　and



as　if　by　alteration　of　the　man's　habitual　nature；　is　also　proved



by