on memory and reminiscence-第3部分

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if　one　does　not　recollect　before；　he　will　do　so　when　he　has　come　to



this；　or；　if　not；　nothing　can　help　him；　as；　e。g。　if　one　were　to　have



in　mind　the　numerical　series　denoted　by　the　symbols　A；　B；　G；　D；　E；



Z；　I；　H；　O。　For；　if　he　does　not　remember　what　he　wants　at　E；　then　at　E



he　remembers　O；　because　from　E　movement　in　either　direction　is



possible；　to　D　or　to　Z。　But；　if　it　is　not　for　one　of　these　that　he



is　searching；　he　will　remember　（what　he　is　searching　for）　when　he



has　come　to　G　if　he　is　searching　for　H　or　I。　But　if　（it　is）　not　（for　H



or　I　that　he　is　searching；　but　for　one　of　the　terms　that　remain）；　he



will　remember　by　going　to　A；　and　so　in　all　cases　（in　which　one



starts　from　a　middle　point）。　The　cause　of　one's　sometimes　recollecting



and　sometimes　not；　though　starting　from　the　same　point；　is；　that



from　the　same　starting…point　a　movement　can　be　made　in　several



directions；　as；　for　instance；　from　G　to　I　or　to　D。　If；　then；　the



mind　has　not　（when　starting　from　E）　moved　in　an　old　path　（i。e。　one



in　which　it　moved　first　having　the　objective　experience；　and　that；



therefore；　in　which　un…'ethized'　phusis　would　have　it　again　move）；



it　tends　to　move　to　the　more　customary；　for　（the　mind　having；　by



chance　or　otherwise；　missed　moving　in　the　'old'　way）　Custom　now



assumes　the　role　of　Nature。　Hence　the　rapidity　with　which　we　recollect



what　we　frequently　think　about。　For　as　regular　sequence　of　events　is



in　accordance　with　nature；　so；　too；　regular　sequence　is　observed　in



the　actualization　of　kinesis　（in　consciousness）；　and　here　frequency



tends　to　produce　（the　regularity　of）　nature。　And　since　in　the　realm　of



nature　occurrences　take　place　which　are　even　contrary　to　nature；　or



fortuitous；　the　same　happens　a　fortiori　in　the　sphere　swayed　by



custom；　since　in　this　sphere　natural　law　is　not　similarly　established。



Hence　it　is　that　（from　the　same　starting…point）　the　mind　receives　an



impulse　to　move　sometimes　in　the　required　direction；　and　at　other



times　otherwise；　（doing　the　latter）　particularly　when　something　else



somehow　deflects　the　mind　from　the　right　direction　and　attracts　it



to　itself。　This　last　consideration　explains　too　how　it　happens　that；



when　we　want　to　remember　a　name；　we　remember　one　somewhat　like　it；



indeed；　but　blunder　in　reference　to　（i。e。　in　pronouncing）　the　one　we



intended。



　　Thus；　then；　recollection　takes　place。



　　But　the　point　of　capital　importance　is　that　（for　the　purpose　of



recollection）　one　should　cognize；　determinately　or　indeterminately；



the　time…relation　（of　that　which　he　wishes　to　recollect）。　There



is；…let　it　be　taken　as　a　fact；…something　by　which　one　distinguishes



a　greater　and　a　smaller　time；　and　it　is　reasonable　to　think　that　one



does　this　in　a　way　analogous　to　that　in　which　one　discerns　（spacial）



magnitudes。　For　it　is　not　by　the　mind's　reaching　out　towards　them；



as　some　say　a　visual　ray　from　the　eye　does　（in　seeing）；　that　one



thinks　of　large　things　at　a　distance　in　space　（for　even　if　they　are



not　there；　one　may　similarly　think　them）；　but　one　does　so　by　a



proportionate　mental　movement。　For　there　are　in　the　mind　the　like



figures　and　movements　（i。e。　'like'　to　those　of　objects　and　events）。



Therefore；　when　one　thinks　the　greater　objects；　in　what　will　his



thinking　those　differ　from　his　thinking　the　smaller？　（In　nothing；）



because　all　the　internal　though　smaller　are　as　it　were　proportional　to



the　external。　Now；　as　we　may　assume　within　a　person　something



proportional　to　the　forms　（of　distant　magnitudes）；　so；　too；　we　may



doubtless　assume　also　something　else　proportional　to　their



distances。　As；　therefore；　if　one　has　（psychically）　the　movement　in　AB；



BE；　he　constructs　in　thought　（i。e。　knows　objectively）　GD；　since　AG　and



GD　bear　equal　ratios　respectively　（to　AB　and　BE）；　（so　he　who



recollects　also　proceeds）。　Why　then　does　he　construct　GD　rather　than



ZH？　Is　it　not　because　as　AG　is　to　AB；　so　is　O　to　I？　These　movements



therefore　（sc。　in　AB；　BE；　and　in　O：I）　he　has　simultaneously。　But　if　he



wishes　to　construct　to　thought　ZH；　he　has　in　mind　BE　in　like　manner　as



before　（when　constructing　GD）；　but　now；　instead　of　（the　movements　of



the　ratio）　O：I；　he　has　in　mind　（those　of　the　ratio　K：L；　for



K：L：：ZA：BA。　（See　diagram。）



　　When；　therefore；　the　'movement'　corresponding　to　the　object　and　that



corresponding　to　its　time　concur；　then　one　actually　remembers。　If



one　supposes　（himself　to　move　in　these　different　but　concurrent



ways）　without　really　doing　so；　he　supposes　himself　to　remember。



　　For　one　may　be　mistaken；　and　think　that　he　remembers　when　he



really　does　not。　But　it　is　not　possible；　conversely；　that　when　one



actually　remembers　he　should　not　suppose　himself　to　remember；　but



should　remember　unconsciously。　For　remembering；　as　we　have　conceived



it；　essentially　implies　consciousness　of　itself。　If；　however；　the



movement　corresponding　to　the　objective　fact　takes　place　without



that　corresponding　to　the　time；　or；　if　the　latter　takes　place



without　the　former；　one　does　not　remember。



　　The　movement　answering　to　the　time　is　of　two　kinds。　Sometimes　in



remembering　a　fact　one　has　no　determinate　time…notion　of　it；　no　such



notion　as　that　e。g。　he　did　something　or　other　on　the　day　before



yesterday；　while　in　other　cases　he　has　a　determinate　notion…of　the



time。　Still；　even　though　one　does　not　remember　with　actual



determination　of　the　time；　he　genuinely　remembers；　none　the　less。



Persons　are　wont　to　say　that　they　remember　（something）；　but　yet　do　not



know　when　（it　occurred；　as　happens）　whenever　they　do　not　know



determinately　the　exact　length　of　time　implied　in　the　'when'。



　　It　has　been　already　stated　that　those　who　have　a　good　memory　are　not



identical　with　those　who　are　quick　at　recollecting。　But　the　act　of



recollecting　differs　from　that　of　remembering；　not　only



chronologically；　but　also　in　this；　that　many　also　of　the　other　animals



（as　well　as　man）　have　memory；　but；　of　all　that　we　are　acquainted　with；



none；　we　venture　to　say；　except　man；　shares　in　the　faculty　of



recollection。　The　cause　of　this　is　that　recollection　is；　as　it　were



a　mode　of　inference。　For　he　who　endeavours　to　recollect　infers　that　he



formerly　saw；　or　heard；　or　had　some　such　experience；　and　the　process



（by　which　he　succeeds　in　recollecting）　is；　as　it　were；　a　sort　of



investigation。　But　to　investigate　in　this　way　belongs　naturally　to



those　animals　alone　which　are　also　endowed　with　the　faculty　of



deliberation；　（which　proves　what　was　said　above）；　for　deliberation



is　a　form　of　inference。



　　That　the　affection　is　corporeal；　i。e。　that　recollection　is　a



searching　for　an　'image'　in　a　corporeal　substrate；　is　proved　by　the



fact　that　in　some　persons；　when；　despite　the　most　strenuous



application　of　thought；　they　have　been　unable　to　recollect；　it　（viz。



the　anamnesis　=　the　effort　at　recollection）　excites　a　feeling　of



discomfort；　which；　even　though　they　abandon　the　effort　at



recollection；　persists　in　them　none　the　less；　and　especially　in



persons　of　melancholic　temperament。　For　these　are　most　powerfully



moved　by　presentations。　The　reason　why　the　effort　of　recollection　is



not　under　the　control　of　their　will　is　that；　as　those　who　throw　a



stone　cannot　stop　it　at　their　will　when　thrown；　so　he　who　tries　to



recollect　and　'hunts'　（after　an　idea）　sets　up　a　process　in　a



material　part；　（that）　in　which　resides　the　affection。　Those　who　have



moisture　around　that　part　which　is　the　centre　of　sense…perception



suffer　most　discomfort　of　this　kind。　For　when　once　the　moisture　has



been　set　in　motion　it　is　not　easily　brought　to　rest；　until　the　idea



which　was　sought　for　has　again　presented　itself；　and　thus　the　movement



has　found　a　straight　course。　For　a　similar　reason　bursts　of　anger　or



fits　of　terror；　when　once　they　have　excited　such　motions；　are　not　at



once　allayed；　even　though　the　angry　or　terrified　persons　（by　efforts



of　will）　set　up　counter　motions；　but　the　passions　continue　to　move



them　on；　in　the　same　direction　as　at　first；　in　opposition　to　such



counter　motions。　The　affection　resembles　also　that　in　the　case　of



words；　tunes；　or　sayings；　whenever　one　of　them　has　become　inveterate



on　the　lips。　People　give　them　up　and　resolve　to　avoid　them；　yet



again　they　find　themselves　humming　the　forbidden　air；　or　using　the



prohibited　word。　Those　whose　upper　parts　are　abnormally　large；　as。



is　the　case　with　dwarfs；　have　abnormally　weak　memory；　as　compared　with



their　opposites；　because　of　the　great　weight　which　they　have　resting



upon　the　organ　of　perception；　and　because　their　mnemonic　movements



are；　from　the　very　first；　not　able　to　keep　true　to　a　course；　but　are



dispersed；　and　because；　in　the　effort　at　recollection；　these　movements



do　not　easily　find　a　direct　onward　path。　Infants　and　very　old



persons　have　bad　memories；　owing　to　the　amount　of　movement　going　on



within　them；　for　the　latter　are　in　process　of　rapid　decay；　the



former　in　process　of　vigorous　growth；　and　we　may　add　that　children；



until　considerably　advanced　in　years；　are　dwarf…like　in　their　bodily



structure。　Such　then　is　our　theory　as　regards　memory　and　remembering



their　nature；　and　the　particular　organ　of　the　soul　by　which　animals



remember；　also　as　regards　recollection；　its　formal　definition；　and　the



manner　and　causes…of　its　performance。











　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　…THE　END…



。