lecture ii-第3部分

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the　village　tribunals；　which　refuse　to　hear　any　complaint　on　the
part　of　the　aggrieved　woman；　at　least　so　long　as　the　punishment
has　not　been　of　such　a　nature　as　to　endanger　life　or　limb。　Where
that　is　the　case；　the　offender　may　be　condemned　to　imprisonment；
and　the　outraged　victim　allowed　to　retire　for　a　time　to　the　home
of　her　parents。　The　customary　law　has；　however；　taken　effectual
measures　for　the　protection　of　the　wife's　fortune。　That　husband
and　wife　should　each　have　entirely　distinct　property；　with　sole
control　over　it；　is　still　the　leading　principle　at　least　in　Great
Russia。　In　the　provinces　which；　like　those　of　Little　Russia；　have
been　for　centuries　subject　to　the　statute　of　Lithuania　and　the
municipal　law　of　Magdeburg；　the　system　of　a　partial　community　of
goods　has　prevailed。　According　to　the　customary　law　of　Kiev；
Poltava；　and　Chernigov；　a　widow　has　a　right　to　the　third　part　of
the　fortune　left　by　her　husband。　in　former　times　this　third　part
was　a　sort　of　pledge　for　the　security　of　the　dowry　of　the　wife。　
　　　　A　few　words　will　suffice　to　give　a　general　idea　of　the
dependence　in　which　the　children　are　placed　as　regards　their
parents；　and　more　especially　their　father。　The　patriarchal
character　of　the　Russian　family　plainly　appears　in　the　fact　that
no　amount　of　bad　treatment　on　the　part　of　the　parents　justifies
an　appeal　to　the　village　tribunal；　unless　it　involves　danger　to
life　or　limb。　In　such　cases；　the　nature　of　which　makes　it
difficult　to　establish　the　facts　before　a　Court　of　Law；　the
further　maintenance　of　the　child　is　generally　committed　to　some
near　relative。　
　　　　The　complete　dependence　of　the　children　upon　their　parents　in
respect　to　fortune　is　proved　by　the　fact　that　neither　son　nor
daughter　can　claim　any　portion　of　the　family　estate。　The　father
can；　as　he　pleases；　give　or　refuse　a　dowry　to　his　daughter。
Should　she　marry　against　his　wish　no　dowry　is　given；　and　she
enters　penniless　into　her　husband's　family。　It　equally　depends
upon　the　father's　pleasure　whether　he　shall　transfer　a　portion　of
his　property　to　a　grown…up　son；　or　maintain　it　intact　in　spite　of
his　son's　manifest　wishes。　An　act　of　insubordination　on　the　part
of　the　son；　as　for　instance；　his　marrying　without　permission；　may
become　the　occasion　for　his　complete　disinheritance　by　the
father；　at　least　so　far　as　the　father's　fortune　is　concerned。　I
make　this　exception；　inasmuch　as；　besides　his　share　in　the
father's　fortune；　the　son　may　be　enabled　to　inherit　from　his
mother's　estate；　or　may　possess　property'　the　gift　of　some
relative　Or　friend。　Such　property　must　be　scrupulously　guarded　by
the　father　whose　rights　over　it　are　only　those　of　the　natural
guardian　of　his　son's　fortune。　
　　　　Hitherto　we　have　spoken　of　the　Russian　family　as　of　a　kind　of
natural　society；　created　by　marriage　and　continued　by　the　birth
of　children；　but　side　by　side　with　this　form　of　family
organisation；　differing　only　in　detail　from　that　of　Western
Europe；　there　exists　in　Russia　a　peculiar　mode　of　family
communism。　In　various　parts　of　the　country　numerous　persons；
sometimes　amounting　to　fifty　and　rarely　to　less　than　ten；　are　to
be　found　united　in　a　common　household；　living　under　the　same　roof
and　taking　their　meals　at　the　same　table。　A　family　constituted
after　this　fashion　is　known　to　English　scholars　under　the　name　of
〃The　Joint　Family〃　or　〃House　Community。〃　Sir　Henry　Maine　has　made
the　notion　of　it　generally　familiar　through　his　marvellous
investigations　in　the　early　law　of　Ireland　and　the　modern　customs
of　Northern　India。　He　has　also　correctly　settled　the　question　of
its　origin　by　appealing　to　natural　increase　and　non…division　as
the　real　sources　of　its　growth。　He　has　even　made　an　attempt　to
show　that　it　was　not　limited　to　distinct　peoples　or　races；　but
that；　notwithstanding　the　immense　distance　which　separates　the
Eastern　or　Hindoo　branch　of　the　Aryan　race　from　the　European
branches；　notwithstanding；　also；　the　difference　in　the　historical
development　which　may　be　traced　between　its　Celtic　and　Slavonic
ramifications；　joint　households　are　as　likely　to　be　met　with　in
the　defiles　of　the　Himalayas　as　in　the　plains　of　old　Erin　or　of
modern　Servia。　Taking　advantage　of　the　recent　investigations　made
by　Professor　Bogisic　in　the　customary　law　of　the　Southern　Slavs；
Sir　Henry　Maine　has　presented　a　lively　picture　of　the　interior
organisation　of　the　famous　Servian　〃Zadrouga；〃　which；　as　he
shows；　has　more　than　one　feature　in　common　with　the　House
Community　of　the　Rajpoots。　The　barrier　of　language；　of　which　he
so　often　complains；　prevented　this　master　in　the　field　of
comparative　jurisprudence　from　completing　his　studies　of　the
patriarchal　system　of　House　Communities　by　investigating　the
Undivided　Household　of　Great　Russia。　This　Undivided　Household　has
been　recently　the　subject　of　numerous　and　serious　inquiries　on
the　part　of　Russian　ethnographers；　and　the　results　of　their
investigations　I　desire　now　to　lay　before　you。　
　　　　First　of　all　let　me　tell　you　that　the　undivided　household　of
the　Eastern　Slavs　is　a　very　ancient　institution。　In　the　so…called
Chronicle　of　Nestor；　mention　is　made　of　the　〃gens〃　organisation
of　the　Polians；　a　Slavonic　tribe；　dwelling　as　I　have　already
said；　on　the　banks　of　the　Dnieper。　The　Polians　are　stated　to　live
（I　translate　literally）　〃each　ruling　his　own　kindred　or　gens　（rod
svoi）　and　occupying　distinct　localities。〃　This　rather　obscure
text　authorises　the　supposition　that　the　Polians　were　divided
into　independent　house…communities；　each　of　which　possessed　its
own　piece　of　land。　Another　reference　is　made　to　these　Undivided
Households　in　one　of　the　paragraphs　of　the　Pravda　of
Jaroslav；（2*）　a　sort　of　Mirror　of　Justice　compiled　in　the　middle
of　the　eleventh　century；　by　order　of　the　Grand　Duke　Jaroslav；　son
of　that　Vladimir　who　introduced　Christianity　into　Russia。　The
frequent　occurrence　of　South　Slavonic　terms　in　this　the　oldest
Russian　code；　such；　for　instance；　as　that　of　〃bratouchada〃　（the
son　of　the　brother；　the　nephew）　confirms　the　hypothesis　first　put
forth；　so　far　as　I　know；　by　the　well…known　professor　of　Russian
history　at　Moscow；　Mr　Kluchevsky；　that　the　work　of　codification
had　been　entrusted　to　some　southern　Slav。　This　is　the　more　likely
as　owing　to　the　recent　introduction　of　Christianity　and　learning
into　Russia；　there　was　a　lack　of　well…educated　natives；　so　that
the　Byzantine　Church　had　frequently　to　have　recourse　to　priests
of　South　Slavonic　origin；　in　order　to　propagate　the　Gospel　and
the　elements　of　learning　among　their　eastern　and　northern
brethren。　Old　Russian　being　much　more　like　the　language　into
which　the　Holy　Scriptures　had　been　translated；　and　the　Slavonic
dialect　of　the　translation　being　that　of　the　Southern　Slavs；
priests　of　Bulgarian　or　Servian　origin　were　the　fittest　persons
in　Russia　to　be　employed　in　this　work。　The　translation　of　Greek
texts；　the　transcription　and　composition　of　Slavonic　and　Russian
MSS。；　as　also　the　first　attempts　at　a　written　exposition　of
Russian　customary　law　would　equally　fall　into　their　hands。　The
share　of。　a　Southern　Slav　in　the　work　of　codification　would
explain　the　presence　in　the　Pravda　of　Jaroslav　of　a　term　which
has　led　to　much　comment。　The　word　in　question　is　verv。　Various
guesses　had　been　made　as　to　its　meaning；　when　at　last　Professor
Leontovitch　had　the　good　fortune　to　find　it　used　in　an　old　South
Slavonic　customary；　the　statute　of　Politza；　and　that　in　the　sense
of　Undivided　Household　or　House　Community。　The　sense　agrees　with
the　context　of　the　two　paragraphs　in　which　the　word　is　used　in
the　Pravda。　In　one　of　them　mention　is　made　of　a　case　where　the
body　of　a　man　belonging　to　the　〃following〃　of　the　duke　has　been
found　within　the　limits　of　a　verv；　and　the　other　says　that　in
such　a　case　the　whole　verv　must　pay　in　common　a　fine　similar　to
that　which　was　inflicted　in　England　in　such　cases　during　the
reigns　of　William　the　Conqueror　and　the　early　Plantagenets。　
　　　　A　〃verv；〃　paying　in　common　a　sort　of　pecuniary　composition
for　a　crime　supposed　to　have　been　committed　by　one　of　its
members；　a　〃verv〃　possessing　its　own　proper　limits；　and　therefore
its　own　territorial　possession；　exactly　corresponds　to　a
house…community；　in　which　several　persons；　living　under　the　same
roof　and　owning　land　in　common；　are　jointly　answerable　for　the
crimes　and　misdemeanours　committed　within　the　limits　of　their
possessions。　
　　　　If　from　the　eleventh　and　twelfth　centuries；　during　which　the
different　versions　of　the　Pravda　were　drawn　up；　we　pass　to　the
end　of　the　fourteenth　and　the　beginning　of　the　fifteenth
centuries；　we　find　the　same　village　community　mentioned；　as　well
in　the　North　Western　principalities　of　Russia　　that　of　Pscov；
for　example；　as　in　those　of　the　South　West　which　were　ruled　by
the　Statute　of　Lithuania。　The　name　under　which　the　members　of
these　communities　are　known　to　the　Russian　law　is　that　of
〃siabri。〃　This　term　is　employed　both　by　the　judicial　charter　of
Pscov　（1397…1467）　and　by　the　before…mentioned　Statute　of
Lithuania　（1529）。　This　word　siabri　is　also　to　be　found　among　the
Southern　Slavs。　The　code　of　Servian　laws；　published　by　King
Stefan　Douschan　in　the　year　1349；　makes　frequent　use　of　it　when
speaking　of　the　peasants。（3*）　The　peasants　of　Servia；　having
always　lived；　and　still　living；　in　undivided　households；　the　term
meaning　co…partners　in　the　enjoyment　of　an　undivided　property；
was　very　naturally　applied　to　them　and　it　is　this　meaning　that
the　word　still　keeps　in　the　judicial　charter　of　Pscov；　and　also
in　the　Statute　of　Lithuania。　The　latter　was　the　chief　source　of
the　customary　law　of　Little　Russia；　and　the　term　〃siabri〃　and　the
institution　it　calls　to　mind；　are　often　mentioned　in　the　Little
Russian　documents　of　the　last　three　centuries。　A　recent　survey　of
these　sources；　made　by　Professor　Louchitzky；　has　quite　settled
the　question　of　the　existence　of　House　Communities　even　in　those
provinces　of　Little　Russia　where　in　our　time　division　of　property
most　prevails。　Here　as　elsewhere　individualism　seems　to　have　been
preceded　by　a　sort　of　family　communism　like　that　of　India；
ireland　and　the　South　Slavonian　principalities。　
　　　　The　term　siabri　is　not　the　only　one　used　by　Old　Russian