lecture ii-第6部分

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who；　on　account　of　their　youth；　are　not　yet　able　to　earn　anything
by　the　work　of　their　hands。　They　also　affirm　that；　as　the
dwelling…place　is　too　small　to　accommodate　a　large　family；　they
are　forced　to　divide　in　order　to　live　with　decency。　
　　　　It　is　also　often　said　that　disputes　among　the　women　are　the
direct　cause　of　separation；　while；　again；　some　peasants　frankly
avow　that　they　insist　on　leaving　their　communistic　mode　of　life
in　order　to　have　their　own　homes　and　to　be　their　own　masters。（6*）
If　the　objections　just　mentioned　are　not　those　of　individualism；
I　do　not　know　what　individualism　is。　
　　　　It　is　in　the　most　fertile　regions　of　Russia　　in　Little
Russia　and　New　Russia　　that　divisions　have　been　most　numerous。
in　these　parts　small　families　are　already　the　general　rule；　as
the　black　soil　of　those　districts　is　rich　enough　to　pay　the　taxes
that　are　levied；　and　the　peasant　is　not　alarmed　by　the　prospect
of　being　deprived　of　the　aid　of　his　relatives。　The　spirit　of
independence　of　the　Cossacks；　which　all　those　who　are　acquainted
with　them　readily　acknowledge；　explains　to　a　great　extent　the
reason　why　the　undivided　household　is　dying　out　in　the　southern
and　south…western　parts　of　Russia。　
　　　　The　northern　provinces　will　certainly　sooner　or　later　follow
the　same　path；　and　the　patriarchal　house　community　will　disappear
in　Russia；　just　as　it　has　disappeared　in　France；　Italy；　and
Spain；　and　as　it　is　disappearing　in　our　days　in　Servia　and
Croatia。　For　we　must　not　think　that　this　system　was　altogether
unknown　to　the　people　of　Western　Europe。　Not　only　in　Ireland；
where　its　previous　existence　had　been　recognised　by　Sir　Henry
Maine；　but　also　among　the　German　and　Latin　races；　the　undivided
household　was；　a　few　centuries　ago；　a　still　living　institution。
Guy　Coquille；　a　legal　writer　of　the　sixteenth　century；　speaks　of
them　in　the　province　of　Nivernais；　and　they　have　recently　been
discovered　in　the　old　charters　of　Berry。　The　〃consorteria〃　of
medieval　Tuscany；　the　〃genealogie〃　of　the　old　Alemannic　law；　and
the　still　existing　〃Companias〃　of　Spanish　Galicia；　are　but
different　names　to　designate　the　Undivided　household。　If　these
have　disappeared；　or　are　likely　to　disappear；　in　the　near　future；
it　is　because　they　have　been　forced　to　yield　to　the　requirements
of　individualism。　I　see　no　reason　why　the　same　thing　should　not
happen　in　Russia。　

NOTES：

1。　Charousin；　〃The　Cossack　Communities　of　the　Don〃　（Moscow；
1883）；　p。　74。

2。　〃The　Pravda　of　Jaroslav〃；　published　by　Kalachev；　ss。　88；　89。

3。　This　word　appears；　for　instance；　in　the　following　sentences；
〃No　political　assembly　of　the　'siabri'　ought　to　exist。〃　〃If　any
one　convenes　it；　let　him　lose　his　ears。〃

4。　The　two　novels　to　which　I　allude　are；　〃The　Power　of　the　Land；〃
by　Ouspensky；　and　〃The　Solid　Base〃　（Oustoi）；　by　Slatovraczky。
Both　novels　were　published　in　Moscow。

5。　〃L'Empire　des　Tzars　et　les　Russes；〃　p。　488。

6。　Compare　what　M。　Dobrotvorsky　says　about　the　family　in　the
Government　of　Vladmir　（Juridical　Journal；　Moscow；　1889；　vol。　ii。
p。　283）。