themistocles-第2部分

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ambitious　of　having　people　inquire　after　his　house　and　frequent　his
company。　When　he　came　to　the　Olympic　games；　and　was　so　splendid　in　his
equipage　and　entertainments；　in　his　rich　tents　and　furniture；　that
he　strove　to　outdo　Cimon；　he　displeased　the　Greeks；　who　thought　that
such　magnificence　might　be　allowed　in　one　who　was　a　young　man　and　of　a
great　family；　but　was　a　great　piece　of　insolence　in　one　as　yet
undistinguished；　and　without　title　or　means　for　making　any　such
display。　In　a　dramatic　contest；　the　play　he　paid　for　won　the　price；
which　was　then　a　matter　that　excited　much　emulation；　he　put　up　a
tablet　in　record　of　it；　with　the　inscription：　〃Themistocles　of
Phrearrhi　was　at　the　charge　of　it；　Phrynichus　made　it；　Adimantus　was
archon。〃　He　was　well　liked　by　the　common　people；　would　salute　every
particular　citizen　by　his　own　name；　and　always　show　himself　a　just
judge　in　questions　of　business　between　private　men；　he　said　to
Simonides；　the　poet　of　Ceos；　who　desired　something　of　him；　when　he　was
commander　of　the　army；　that　was　not　reasonable；　〃Simonides；　you
would　be　no　good　poet　if　you　wrote　false　measure；　nor　should　I　be　a
good　magistrate　if　for　favour　I　made　false　law。〃　and　at　another
time；　laughing　at　Simonides；　he　said；　that　he　was　a　man　of　little
judgment　to　speak　against　the　Corinthians；　who　were　inhabitants　of　a
great　city；　and　to　have　his　own　picture　drawn　so　often；　having　so
ill…looking　a　face。
　　Gradually　growing　to　be　great；　and　winning　the　favour　of　the　people；
he　at　last　gained　the　day　with　his　faction　over　that　of　Aristides；　and
procured　his　banishment　by　ostracism。　When　the　king　of　Persia　was
now　advancing　against　Greece；　and　the　Athenians　were　in　consultation
who　should　be　general；　and　many　withdrew　themselves　of　their　own
accord；　being　terrified　with　the　greatness　of　the　danger；　there　was
one　Epicydes；　a　popular　speaker；　son　to　Euphemides　a　man　of　an　elegant
tongue；　but　of　a　faint　heart；　and　a　slave　to　riches　who　was　desirous
of　the　command；　and　was　looked　upon　to　be　in　a　fair　way　to　carry　it　by
the　number　of　votes；　but　Themistocles；　fearing　that；　if　the　command
should　fall　into　such　hands；　all　would　be　lost；　bought　off　Epicydes
and　his　pretensions；　it　is　said；　for　a　sum　of　money。
　　When　the　king　of　Persia　sent　messengers　into　Greece；　with　an
interpreter；　to　demand　earth　and　water；　as　an　acknowledgment　of
subjection；　Themistocles；　by　the　consent　of　the　people；　seized　upon
the　interpreter；　and　put　him　to　death；　for　presuming　to　publish　the
barbarian　orders　and　decrees　in　the　Greek　language；　this　is　one　of　the
actions　he　is　commended　for；　as　also　for　what　he　did　to　Arthmius　of
Zelea；　who　brought　gold　from　the　king　of　Persia　to　corrupt　the　Greeks；
and　was；　by　an　order　from　Themistocles；　degraded　and　disfranchised；　he
and　his　children　and　his　posterity；　but　that　which　most　of　all
redounded　to　his　credit　was；　that　he　put　an　end　to　all　the　civil
wars　of　Greece；　composed　their　differences；　and　persuaded　them　to
lay　aside　all　enmity　during　the　war　with　the　Persians；　and　in　this
great　work；　Chileus　the　Arcadian　was；　it　is　said；　of　great
assistance　to　him。
　　Having　taken　upon　himself　the　command　of　the　Athenian　forces；　he
immediately　endeavoured　to　persuade　the　citizens　to　leave　the　city；
and　to　embark　upon　their　galleys；　and　meet　with　the　Persians　at　a
great　distance　from　Greece；　but　many　being　against　this；　he　led　a
large　force；　together　with　the　Lacedaemonians；　into　Tempe；　that　in
this　pass　they　might　maintain　the　safety　of　Thessaly；　which　had　not　as
yet　declared　for　the　king；　but　when　they　returned　without　performing
anything；　and　it　was　known　that　not　only　the　Thessalians；　but　all　as
far　as　Boeotia；　was　going　over　to　Xerxes；　then　the　Athenians　more
willingly　hearkened　to　the　advice　of　Themistocles　to　fight　by　sea；　and
sent　him　with　a　fleet　to　guard　the　straits　of　Artemisium。
　　When　the　contingents　met　here；　the　Greeks　would　have　the
Lacedaemonians　to　command；　and　Eurybiades　to　be　their　admiral；　but　the
Athenians；　who　surpassed　all　the　rest　together　in　number　of　vessels；
would　not　submit　to　come　after　any　other；　till　Themistocles；
perceiving　the　danger　of　the　contest；　yielded　his　own　command　to
Eurybiades；　and　got　the　Athenians　to　submit；　extenuating　the　loss　by
persuading　them；　that　if　in　this　war　they　behaved　themselves　like　men；
he　would　answer　for　it　after　that；　that　the　Greeks；　of　their　own　will；
would　submit　to　their　command。　And　by　this　moderation　of　his；　it　is
evident　that　he　was　the　chief　means　of　the　deliverance　of　Greece；
and　gained　the　Athenians　the　glory　of　alike　surpassing　their　enemies
in　valour；　and　their　confederates　in　wisdom。
　　As　soon　as　the　Persian　armada　arrived　at　Aphetae；　Eurybiades　was
astonished　to　see　such　a　vast　number　of　vessels　before　him；　and
being　informed　that　two　hundred　more　were　sailing　around　behind　the
island　of　Sciathus；　he　immediately　determined　to　retire　farther　into
Greece；　and　to　sail　back　into　some　part　of　Peloponnesus；　where　their
land　army　and　their　fleet　might　join；　for　he　looked　upon　the　Persian
forces　to　be　altogether　unassailable　by　sea。　But　the　Euboeans；　fearing
that　the　Greeks　would　forsake　them；　and　leave　them　to　the　mercy　of　the
enemy；　sent　Pelagon　to　confer　privately　with　Themistocles；　taking　with
him　a　good　sum　of　money；　which；　as　Herodotus　reports；　he　accepted
and　gave　to　Eurybiades。　In　this　affair　none　of　his　own　countrymen
opposed　him　so　much　as　Architeles；　captain　of　the　sacred　galley；
who；　having　no　money　to　supply　his　seamen；　was　eager　to　go　home；　but
Themistocles　so　incensed　the　Athenians　against　them；　that　they　set
upon　him　and　left　him　not　so　much　as　his　supper；　at　which　Architeles
was　much　surprised；　and　took　it　very　ill；　but　Themistocles　immediately
sent　him　in　a　chest　a　service　of　provisions；　and　at　the　bottom　of　it　a
talent　of　silver；　desiring　him　to　sup　tonight；　and　to…morrow　provide
for　his　seamen；　if　not；　he　would　report　it　among　the　Athenians　that　he
had　received　money　from　the　enemy。　So　Phanias　the　Lesbian　tells　the
story。
　　Though　the　fights　between　the　Greeks　and　Persians　in　the　straits
of　Euboea　were　not　so　important　as　to　make　any　final　decision　of　the
war；　yet　the　experience　which　the　Greeks　obtained　in　them　was　of　great
advantage；　for　thus；　by　actual　trial　and　in　real　danger；　they　found
out　that　neither　number　of　ships；　nor　riches　and　ornaments；　nor
boasting　shouts；　nor　barbarous　songs　of　victory；　were　any　way　terrible
to　men　that　knew　how　to　fight；　and　were　resolved　to　come　hand　to
hand　with　their　enemies；　these　things　they　were　to　despise；　and　to
come　up　close　and　grapple　with　their　foes。　This　Pindar　appears　to　have
seen；　and　says　justly　enough　of　the　fight　at　Artemisium；　that…

　　　　　　　　　〃There　the　sons　of　Athens　set
　　　　　　　　　The　stone　that　freedom　stands　on　yet。〃

For　the　first　step　towards　victory　undoubtedly　is　to　gain　courage；
Artemisium　is　in　Euboea；　beyond　the　city　of　Histiaea；　a　sea…beach　open
to　the　north；　most　nearly　opposite　to　it　stands　Olizon；　in　the　country
which　formally　was　under　Philoctetes；　there　is　a　small　temple　there；
dedicated　to　Diana；　surnamed　of　the　Dawn；　and　trees　about　it；　around
which　again　stand　pillars　of　white　marble；　and　if　you　rub　them　with
your　hand；　they　send　forth　both　the　smell　and　colour　of　saffron。　On
one　of　these　pillars　these　verses　are　engraved：…

　　　　　　　　　〃With　numerous　tribes　from　Asia's　region　brought
　　　　　　　　　The　sons　of　Athens　on　these　waters　fought；
　　　　　　　　　Erecting；　after　they　had　quelled　the　Mede；
　　　　　　　　　To　Artemis　this　record　of　the　deed。〃

There　is　a　place　still　to　be　seen　upon　this　shore；　where；　in　the
middle　of　a　great　heap　of　sand；　they　take　out　from　the　bottom　a　dark
powder　like　ashes；　or　something　that　has　passed　the　fire；　and　here；　it
is　supposed；　the　shipwrecks　and　bodies　of　the　dead　were　burnt。
　　But　when　news　came　from　Thermopylae　to　Artemisium　informing　them
that　king　Leonidas　was　slain；　and　that　Xerxes　had　made　himself
master　of　all　the　passages　by　land；　they　returned　back　to　the　interior
of　Greece；　the　Athenians　having　the　command　of　the　rear；　the　place
of　honour　and　danger；　and　much　elated　by　what　had　been　done。
　　As　Themistocles　sailed　along　the　coasts；　he　took　notice　of　the
harbours　and　fit　places　for　the　enemy's　ships　to　come　to　land　at；
and　engraved　large　letters　in　such　stones　as　he　found　there　by　chance；
as　also　in　others　which　he　set　up　on　purpose　near　to　the
landing…places；　or　where　they　were　to　water；　in　which　inscriptions
he　called　upon　the　Ionians　to　forsake　the　Medes；　if　it　were
possible；　and　to　come　over　to　the　Greeks；　who　were　their　proper
founders　and　fathers；　and　were　now　hazarding　all　for　their
liberties；　but；　if　this　could　not　be　done；　at　any　rate　to　impede　and
disturb　the　Persians　in　all　engagements。　He　hoped　that　these
writings　would　prevail　with　the　Ionians　to　revolt；　or　raise　some
trouble　by　making　their　fidelity　doubtful　to　the　Persians。
　　Now；　though　Xerxes　has　already　passed　through　Doris　and　invaded
the　country　of　Phocis；　and　was　burning　and　destroying　the　cities　of
the　Phocians；　yet　the　Greeks　sent　them　no　relief；　and；　though　the
Athenians　earnestly　desired　them　to　meet　the　Persians　in　Boeotia；
before　they　could　come　into　Attica；　as　they　themselves　had　come
forward　by　sea　at　Artemisium；　they　gave　no　ear　to　their　requests；
being　wholly　intent　upon　Peloponnesus；　and　resolved　to　gather　all
their　forces　together　within　the　Isthmus；　and　to　build　a　wall　from　sea
to　sea　in　that　narrow　neck　of　land；　so　that　the　Athenians　were　enraged
to　see　themselves　betrayed；　and　at　the　same　time　afflicted　and
dejected　at　their　own　destitution。　For　to　fight　alone　against　such　a
numerous　army　was　to　no　purpose；　and　the　only　expedient　now　left
them　was　to　leave　their　city　and　cling　to　their　ships；　which　the
people　were　very　unwilling　to　submit　to；　imagining　that　it　would
signify　little　now　to　gain　a　victory；　and　not　understanding　how
there　could　be　deliverance　any　longer　after　they　had　once　forsaken　the
temples　of　their　gods　and　exposed　the　tombs　and　monuments　of　their
ancestors　to　the　fury　of　their　enemies。
　　Themistocles；　being　at　a　loss；　and　not　able　to　draw　the　people
over　to　his　opinion　by　any　human　reason；　set　his　machines