the athenian constitution-第14部分

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　an　equal　number　in　each　letter。　When　the　Thesmothetes　has　decided　by　lot　which　letters　are　required　to　attend　at　the　courts；　the　servant　puts　up　above　each　court　the　letter　which　has　been　assigned　to　it　by　the　lot。

Part　64

　　The　ten　chests　above　mentioned　are　placed　in　front　of　the　entrance　used　by　each　tribe；　and　are　inscribed　with　the　letters　of　　the　alphabet　from　alpha　to　kappa。　The　jurors　cast　in　their　tickets；　each　into　the　chest　on　which　is　inscribed　the　letter　which　is　on　his　ticket；　then　the　servant　shakes　them　all　up；　and　the　Archon　draws　one　ticket　from　each　chest。　The　individual　so　selected　is　called　the　Ticket…hanger　（Empectes）；　and　his　function　is　to　hang　up　the　tickets　out　of　his　chest　on　the　bar　which　bears　the　same　letter　as　that　on　the　chest。　He　is　chosen　by　lot；　lest；　if　the　Ticket…hanger　were　always　the　same　person；　he　might　tamper　with　the　results。　There　are　five　of　　these　bars　in　each　of　the　rooms　assigned　for　the　lot…drawing。　Then　the　Archon　casts　in　the　dice　and　thereby　chooses　the　jurors　from　each　　tribe；　room　by　room。　The　dice　are　made　of　brass；　coloured　black　or　white；　and　according　to　the　number　of　jurors　required；　so　many　white　　dice　are　put　in；　one　for　each　five　tickets；　while　the　remainder　are　black；　in　the　same　proportion。　As　the　Archon　draws　out　the　dice；　the　crier　　calls　out　the　names　of　the　individuals　chosen。　The　Ticket…hanger　is　included　among　those　selected。　Each　juror；　as　he　is　chosen　and　answers　to　his　name；　draws　a　counter　from　the　vase；　and　holding　it　out　with　the　letter　uppermost　shows　it　first　to　the　presiding　Archon；　and　he；　when　he　has　seen　it；　throws　the　ticket　of　the　juror　into　the　chest　on　which　is　inscribed　the　letter　which　is　on　the　counter；　so　that　the　juror　must　go　into　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot；　and　not　into　one　chosen　by　himself；　and　that　it　may　be　impossible　for　any　one　to　collect　the　jurors　of　his　choice　into　any　particular　　court。　For　this　purpose　chests　are　placed　near　the　Archon；　as　many　in　number　as　there　are　courts　to　be　filled　that　day；　bearing　the　letters　of　the　courts　on　which　the　lot　has　fallen。

Part　65

　　The　juror　thereupon；　after　showing　his　counter　again　to　the　attendant；　passes　through　the　barrier　into　the　court。　The　attendant　gives　him　a　staff　of　the　same　colour　as　the　court　bearing　the　letter　which　is　on　his　counter；　so　as　to　ensure　his　going　into　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot；　since；　if　he　were　to　go　into　any　other；　he　would　be　betrayed　by　the　colour　of　his　staff。　Each　court　has　　a　certain　colour　painted　on　the　lintel　of　the　entrance。　Accordingly　the　juror；　bearing　his　staff；　enters　the　court　which　has　the　same　colour　as　his　staff；　and　the　same　letter　as　his　counter。　As　he　enters；　he　　receives　a　voucher　from　the　official　to　whom　this　duty　has　been　assigned　by　lot。　So　with　their　counters　and　their　staves　the　selected　jurors　take　their　seats　in　the　court；　having　thus　completed　the　process　of　admission。　The　unsuccessful　candidates　receive　back　their　　tickets　from　the　Ticket…hangers。　The　public　servants　carry　the　chests　from　each　tribe；　one　to　each　court；　containing　the　names　of　the　members　of　the　tribe　who　are　in　that　court；　and　hand　them　over　to　the　officials　assigned　to　the　duty　of　giving　back　their　tickets　to　the　jurors　in　each　court；　so　that　these　officials　may　call　them　up　by　name　and　pay　them　their　fee。

Part　66

　　When　all　the　courts　are　full；　two　ballot　boxes　are　placed　in　the　first　court；　and　a　number　of　brazen　dice；　bearing　the　colours　of　the　several　courts；　and　other　dice　inscribed　with　the　names　of　the　presiding　magistrates。　Then　two　of　the　Thesmothetae；　selected　by　lot；　severally　throw　the　dice　with　the　colours　into　one　box；　　and　those　with　the　magistrates'　names　into　the　other。　The　magistrate　whose　name　is　first　drawn　is　thereupon　proclaimed　by　the　crier　as　assigned　for　duty　in　the　court　which　is　first　drawn；　and　the　second　in　the　second；　and　similarly　with　the　rest。　The　object　of　this　procedure　is　that　no　one　may　know　which　court　he　will　have；　but　that　each　may　take　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot。　　　When　the　jurors　have　come　in；　and　have　been　assigned　to　their　respective　courts；　the　presiding　magistrate　in　each　court　draws　one　ticket　out　of　each　chest　（making　ten　in　all；　one　out　of　each　tribe）；　and　throws　them　into　another　empty　chest。　He　then　draws　out　five　of　them；　and　assigns　one　to　the　superintendence　of　the　water…clock；　and　the　other　four　to　the　telling　of　the　votes。　This　is　to　prevent　any　tampering　beforehand　with　either　the　superintendent　of　the　clock　or　the　tellers　of　the　votes；　and　to　secure　that　there　is　no　malpractice　in　these　respects。　The　five　who　have　not　been　selected　for　these　duties　receive　from　them　a　statement　of　the　order　in　which　the　jurors　shall　receive　their　fees；　and　of　the　places　where　the　several　tribes　shall　respectively　gather　in　the　court　for　this　purpose　when　their　duties　are　completed；　the　object　being　that　the　jurors　may　be　broken　up　into　small　groups　for　the　reception　of　their　pay；　and　not　all　crowd　together　and　impede　one　another。

Part　67

　　These　preliminaries　being　concluded；　the　cases　are　called　on。　If　it　is　a　day　for　private　cases；　the　private　litigants　are　called。　Four　cases　are　taken　in　each　of　the　categories　defined　in　　the　law；　and　the　litigants　swear　to　confine　their　speeches　to　the　point　at　issue。　If　it　is　a　day　for　public　causes；　the　public　litigants　are　　called；　and　only　one　case　is　tried。　Water…clocks　are　provided；　having　small　supply…tubes；　into　which　the　water　is　poured　by　which　the　length　of　the　pleadings　is　regulated。　Ten　gallons　are　allowed　for　a　case　in　which　an　amount　of　more　than　five　thousand　drachmas　is　involved；　and　three　for　the　second　speech　on　each　side。　When　the　amount　is　between　one　and　five　thousand　drachmas；　seven　gallons　are　allowed　for　the　first　speech　and　two　for　the　second；　when　it　is　less　than　one　thousand；　five　and　two。　Six　gallons　are　allowed　for　arbitrations　between　rival　claimants；　in　which　there　is　no　second　speech。　The　official　chosen　by　lot　to　superintend　the　water…clock　places　his　hand　on　the　supply　tube　whenever　the　clerk　is　about　to　read　a　resolution　or　law　or　affidavit　or　treaty。　When；　however；　a　case　is　conducted　according　to　a　set　measurement　of　the　day；　he　does　not　stop　the　supply；　but　each　party　receives　an　equal　allowance　of　water。　The　standard　of　measurement　is　the　length　of　the　days　in　the　month　Poseideon。。。。　The　measured　day　is　employed　in　cases　when　imprisonment；　death；　exile；　loss　of　civil　rights；　or　confiscation　of　goods　is　assigned　as　the　penalty。

Part　68

　　Most　of　the　courts　consist　of　500　members。。。；　and　when　it　is　necessary　to　bring　public　cases　before　a　jury　of　1；000　members；　two　courts　combine　for　the　purpose；　the　most　important　cases　of　all　are　brought　1；500　jurors；　or　three　courts。　The　ballot　balls　are　made　of　brass　with　stems　running　through　the　centre；　half　of　them　having　the　stem　pierced　and　the　other　half　solid。　When　the　speeches　are　concluded；　the　officials　assigned　to　the　taking　of　the　votes　　give　each　juror　two　ballot　balls；　one　pierced　and　one　solid。　This　is　done　in　full　view　of　the　rival　litigants；　to　secure　that　no　one　shall　receive　two　pierced　or　two　solid　balls。　Then　the　official　designated　for　the　purpose　takes　away　the　jurors　staves；　in　return　for　　which　each　one　as　he　records　his　vote　receives　a　brass　voucher　market　with　the　numeral　3　（because　he　gets　three　obols　when　he　gives　it　up）。　This　is　to　ensure　that　all　shall　vote；　since　no　one　can　get　a　voucher　unless　he　votes。　Two　urns；　one　of　brass　and　the　other　of　wood；　stand　in　the　court；　in　distinct　spots　so　that　no　one　may　surreptitiously　insert　ballot　balls；　in　these　the　jurors　record　their　votes。　The　brazen　urn　is　for　effective　votes；　the　wooden　for　unused　votes；　and　the　brazen　urn　has　a　lid　pierced　so　as　to　take　only　one　ballot　ball；　in　order　that　no　one　may　put　in　two　at　a　time。　　　When　the　jurors　are　about　to　vote；　the　crier　demands　first　whether　the　litigants　enter　a　protest　against　any　of　the　evidence；　for　no　protest　can　be　received　after　the　voting　has　begun。　Then　he　proclaims　again；　'The　pierced　ballot　for　the　plaintiff；　the　solid　for　the　defendant'；　and　the　juror；　taking　his　two　ballot　balls　from　the　stand；　with　his　hand　closed　over　the　stem　so　as　not　to　　show　either　the　pierced　or　the　solid　ballot　to　the　litigants；　casts　the　one　which　is　to　count　into　the　brazen　urn；　and　the　other　into　the　wooden　urn。

Part　69

　　When　all　the　jurors　have　voted；　the　attendants　take　the　urn　containing　the　effective　votes　and　discharge　them　on　to　a　reckoning　board　having　as　many　cavities　as　there　are　ballot　balls；　so　that　the　effective　votes；　whether　pierced　or　solid；　may　be　plainly　displayed　and　easily　counted。　Then　the　officials　assigned　to　the　taking　of　the　votes　tell　them　off　on　the　board；　the　solid　in　one　place　and　the　pierced　in　another；　and　the　crier　announces　the　numbers　of　the　votes；　the　pierced　ballots　being　for　the　prosecutor　and　the　solid　for　the　defendant。　Whichever　has　the　majority　is　victorious；　but　if　the　votes　are　equal　the　verdict　is　for　the　defendant。　Each　juror　receives　two　ballots；　and　uses　one　to　record　his　vote；　and　throws　the　other　away。　　　Then；　if　damages　have　to　be　awarded；　they　vote　again　in　the　same　way；　first　returning　their　pay…vouchers　and　receiving　back　their　staves。　　Half　a　gallon　of　water　is　allowed　to　each　party　for　the　discussion　of　the　damages。　　Finally；　when　all　has　been　completed　in　accordance　with　the　law；　the　jurors　receive　their　pay　in　the　order　assigned　by　the　lot。

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