the athenian constitution-第6部分

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l　of　Five　Hundred；　and　others　to　the　Assembly　and　the　law…courts。　In　this　revolution　he　was　assisted　by　Themistocles；　who　was　himself　a　member　of　the　Areopagus；　but　was　expecting　to　be　tried　before　it　on　a　charge　of　treasonable　dealings　with　Persia。　This　made　him　anxious　that　it　should　be　overthrown；　and　accordingly　he　warned　Ephialtes　that　the　Council　intended　to　arrest　him；　while　at　the　same　time　he　informed　the　Areopagites　that　he　would　reveal　to　them　certain　persons　who　were　conspiring　to　subvert　the　constitution。　He　then　conducted　the　representatives　delegated　by　the　Council　to　the　residence　of　Ephialtes；　promising　to　show　them　the　conspirators　who　assembled　there；　and　proceeded　to　converse　with　them　in　an　earnest　manner。　Ephialtes；　seeing　this；　was　seized　with　alarm　and　took　refuge　in　suppliant　guise　at　the　altar。　Every　one　was　astounded　at　the　occurrence；　and　presently；　when　the　Council　of　Five　Hundred　met；　Ephialtes　and　Themistocles　together　proceeded　　to　denounce　the　Areopagus　to　them。　This　they　repeated　in　similar　fashion　in　the　Assembly；　until　they　succeeded　in　depriving　it　of　its　power。　Not　long　afterwards；　however；　Ephialtes　was　assassinated　by　　Aristodicus　of　Tanagra。　In　this　way　was　the　Council　of　Areopagus　deprived　of　its　guardianship　of　the　state。

Part　26

　　After　this　revolution　the　administration　of　the　state　became　more　and　more　lax；　in　consequence　of　the　eager　rivalry　of　candidates　for　popular　favour。　During　this　period　the　moderate　party；　as　it　　happened；　had　no　real　chief；　their　leader　being　Cimon　son　of　Miltiades；　who　was　a　comparatively　young　man；　and　had　been　late　in　entering　public　life；　and　at　the　same　time　the　general　populace　suffered　great　losses　by　war。　The　soldiers　for　active　service　were　selected　at　that　time　from　the　roll　of　citizens；　and　as　the　generals　were　men　of　no　military　experience；　who　owed　their　position　solely　to　their　family　standing；　it　continually　happened　that　some　two　or　three　thousand　of　the　troops　perished　on　an　expedition；　and　in　this　way　the　best　men　alike　of　the　lower　and　the　upper　classes　were　exhausted。　Consequently　in　most　matters　of　administration　less　heed　was　paid　to　the　laws　than　had　formerly　been　the　case。　No　alteration；　however；　was　made　in　the　method　of　election　of　the　nine　Archons；　except　that　five　years　after　the　death　of　Ephialtes　it　was　decided　that　the　candidates　to　be　submitted　to　the　lot　for　that　office　might　be　selected　from　the　Zeugitae　as　well　as　from　the　higher　classes。　The　first　Archon　from　that　class　was　Mnesitheides。　Up　to　this　　time　all　the　Archons　had　been　taken　from　the　Pentacosiomedimni　and　Knights；　while　the　Zeugitae　were　confined　to　the　ordinary　magistracies；　　save　where　an　evasion　of　the　law　was　overlooked。　Four　years　later；　in　the　　archonship　of　Lysicrates；　thirty　'local　justices'；　as　they　as　they　were　called；　were　re…established；　and　two　years　afterwards；　in　the　archonship　of　Antidotus；　consequence　of　the　great　increase　in　the　number　of　citizens；　it　was　resolved；　on　the　motion　of　Pericles；　that　no　one　should　admitted　to　the　franchise　who　was　not　of　citizen　birth　by　both　parents。

Part　27

　　After　this　Pericles　came　forward　as　popular　leader；　having　first　distinguished　himself　while　still　a　young　man　by　prosecuting　Cimon　on　the　audit　of　his　official　accounts　as　general。　Under　his　auspices　the　constitution　became　still　more　democratic。　He　took　away　some　of　the　privileges　of　the　Areopagus；　and；　above　all；　he　turned　the　policy　of　the　state　in　the　direction　of　sea　power；　which　caused　the　masses　to　acquire　confidence　in　themselves　and　consequently　to　take　the　conduct　of　affairs　more　and　more　into　their　own　hands。　Moreover；　forty…eight　years　after　the　battle　of　Salamis；　in　the　archonship　of　Pythodorus；　the　Peloponnesian　war　broke　out；　during　which　　the　populace　was　shut　up　in　the　city　and　became　accustomed　to　gain　its　livelihood　by　military　service；　and　so；　partly　voluntarily　and　partly　involuntarily；　determined　to　assume　the　administration　of　the　state　itself。　Pericles　was　also　the　first　to　institute　pay　for　service　in　the　law…courts；　as　a　bid　for　popular　favour　to　counterbalance　the　wealth　of　Cimon。　The　latter；　having　private　possessions　on　a　regal　scale；　not　only　performed　the　regular　public　services　magnificently；　but　also　maintained　a　large　number　of　his　fellow…demesmen。　Any　member　of　the　deme　of　Laciadae　could　go　every　day　to　Cimon's　　house　and　there　receive　a　reasonable　provision；　while　his　estate　was　guarded　by　no　fences；　so　that　any　one　who　liked　might　help　himself　to　the　fruit　from　it。　Pericles'　private　property　was　quite　unequal　to　this　magnificence　and　accordingly　he　took　the　advice　of　Damonides　of　Oia　（who　was　commonly　supposed　to　be　the　person　who　prompted　Pericles　in　most　of　his　measures；　and　was　therefore　subsequently　ostracized）；　which　was　that；　as　he　was　beaten　in　the　matter　of　private　　possessions；　he　should　make　gifts　to　the　people　from　their　own　property；　and　accordingly　he　instituted　pay　for　the　members　of　the　juries。　Some　critics　accuse　him　of　thereby　causing　a　deterioration　in　the　　character　of　the　juries；　since　it　was　always　the　common　people　who　put　themselves　forward　for　selection　as　jurors；　rather　than　the　men　of　better　position。　Moreover；　bribery　came　into　existence　after　　this；　the　first　person　to　introduce　it　being　Anytus；　after　his　command　　at　Pylos。　He　was　prosecuted　by　certain　individuals　on　account　of　his　loss　of　Pylos；　but　escaped　by　bribing　the　jury。

Part　28

　　So　long；　however；　as　Pericles　was　leader　of　the　people；　things　went　tolerably　well　with　the　state；　but　when　he　was　dead　there　was　a　great　change　for　the　worse。　Then　for　the　first　time　did　the　people　choose　a　leader　who　was　of　no　reputation　among　men　of　good　standing；　whereas　up　to　this　time　such　men　had　always　been　found　as　leaders　of　the　democracy。　The　first　leader　of　the　people；　in　the　very　beginning　of　things；　was　Solon；　and　the　second　was　Pisistratus；　both　　of　them　men　of　birth　and　position。　After　the　overthrow　of　the　tyrants　there　was　Cleisthenes；　a　member　of　the　house　of　the　Alcmeonidae；　and　he　had　no　rival　opposed　to　him　after　the　expulsion　of　the　party　of　Isagoras。　After　this　Xanthippus　was　the　leader　of　the　people；　and　Miltiades　of　the　upper　class。　Then　came　Themistocles　and　Aristides；　and　after　them　Ephialtes　as　leader　of　the　people；　and　Cimon　son　of　Miltiades　of　the　wealthier　class。　Pericles　followed　as　leader　of　the　　people；　and　Thucydides；　who　was　connected　by　marriage　with　Cimon；　of　the　opposition。　After　the　death　of　Pericles；　Nicias；　who　　subsequently　fell　in　Sicily；　appeared　as　leader　of　the　aristocracy；　and　Cleon　son　of　Cleaenetus　of　the　people。　The　latter　seems；　more　than　any　　one　else；　to　have　been　the　cause　of　the　corruption　of　the　democracy　by　his　wild　undertakings；　and　he　was　the　first　to　use　unseemly　shouting　　and　coarse　abuse　on　the　Bema；　and　to　harangue　the　people　with　his　cloak　girt　up　short　about　him；　whereas　all　his　predecessors　had　spoken　decently　and　in　order。　These　were　succeeded　by　Theramenes　son　of　Hagnon　as　leader　of　the　one　party；　and　the　lyre…maker　Cleophon　of　the　　people。　It　was　Cleophon　who　first　granted　the　twoobol　donation　for　the　　theatrical　performances；　and　for　some　time　it　continued　to　be　given；　but　then　Callicrates　of　Paeania　ousted　him　by　promising　to　add　a　third　obol　to　the　sum。　Both　of　these　persons　were　subsequently　condemned　to　death；　for　the　people；　even　if　they　are　deceived　for　a　time；　in　the　end　generally　come　to　detest　those　who　have　beguiled　them　into　any　unworthy　action。　After　Cleophon　the　popular　leadership　was　occupied　successively　by　the　men　who　chose　to　talk　the　biggest　and　pander　the　most　to　the　tastes　of　the　majority；　with　their　eyes　fixed　only　on　the　interests　of　the　moment。　The　best　statesmen　at　Athens；　　after　those　of　early　times；　seem　to　have　been　Nicias；　Thucydides；　and　Theramenes。　As　to　Nicias　and　Thucydides；　nearly　every　one　agrees　that　they　were　not　merely　men　of　birth　and　character；　but　also　statesmen；　and　that　they　ruled　the　state　with　paternal　care。　On　the　merits　of　Theramenes　opinion　is　divided；　because　it　so　happened　that　in　his　time　public　affairs　were　in　a　very　stormy　state。　But　those　who　give　their　opinion　deliberately　find　him；　not；　as　his　critics　falsely　assert；　overthrowing　every　kind　of　constitution；　but　supporting　every　kind　so　long　as　it　did　not　transgress　laws；　thus　showing　that　he　was　able；　as　every　good　citizen　should　be；　to　live　under　any　form　of　constitution；　while　he　refused　to　countenance　illegality　and　was　its　constant　enemy。

Part　29

　　So　long　as　the　fortune　of　the　war　continued　even；　the　Athenians　preserved　the　democracy；　but　after　the　disaster　in　Sicily；　when　the　Lacedaemonians　had　gained　the　upper　hand　through　their　alliance　with　the　king　of　Persia；　they　were　compelled　to　abolish　the　democracy　and　establish　in　its　place　the　constitution　of　the　Four　Hundred。　The　speech　recommending　this　course　before　the　vote　was　made　by　Melobius；　and　the　motion　was　proposed　by　Pythodorus　of　Anaphlystus；　but　the　real　argument　which　persuaded　the　majority　was　the　　belief　that　the　king　of　Persia　was　more　likely　to　form　an　alliance　with　them　if　the　constitution　were　on　an　oligarchical　basis。　The　motion　of　Pythodorus　was　to　the　following　effect。　The　popular　Assembly　was　to　elect　twenty　persons；　over　forty　years　of　age；　who；　in　conjunction　with　the　existing　ten　members　of　the　Committee　of　Public　　Safety；　after　taking　an　oath　that　they　would　frame　such　measures　as　they　thought　best　for　the　state；　should　then　prepare　proposals　for　the　public。　safety。　In　addition；　any　other　person　might　make　proposals；　　so　that　of　all　the　schemes　before　them　the　people　might　choose　the　best。　Cleitophon　concurred　with　the　motion　of　Pythodorus；　but　　moved　that　the　committee　should　also　investigate　the　ancient　laws　enacted　by　Cleisthenes　when　he　created　the　democracy；　in　order　that　they　might　have　these　too　before　them　and　so　be　in　a　position　to　decide　wisely；　his　suggestion　being　that　the　constitution　of　Cleisthenes　was　not　really　democratic；　but　closely　akin　to　that　of　Solon。　When　the　committee　was　elected；　their　first　proposal　was　that　the　Prytanes　should　be　compelled　to　put　to　the　vote　any　motion　that　was　offered　on　behalf　of　the　public　safety。　Next　they　abolished　all　indictments　for　illegal　propos