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carmen(卡门)-第16部分
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in so prodigious a fashion; and in several countries; all very remote from
each other。 The gipsies themselves have preserved no tradition whatsoever
as to their origin; and though most of them do speak of Egypt as their
original fatherland; that is only because they have adopted a very ancient
fable respecting their race。
Most of the Orientalists who have studied the gipsy language believe
that the cradle of the race was in India。 It appears; in fact; that many of the
roots and grammatical forms of the /Romany/ tongue are to be found in
idioms derived from the Sanskrit。 As may be imagined; the gipsies; during
their long wanderings; have adopted many foreign words。 In every
/Romany/ dialect a number of Greek words appear。
At the present day the gipsies have almost as many dialects as there
are separate hordes of their race。 Everywhere; they speak the language of
the country they inhabit more easily than their own idiom; which they
seldom use; except with the object of conversing freely before strangers。 A
comparison of the dialect of the German gipsies with that used by the
Spanish gipsies; who have held no communication with each other for
several centuries; reveals the existence of a great number of words
common to both。 But everywhere the original language is notably affected;
though in different degrees; by its contact with the more cultivated
languages into the use of which the nomads have been forced。 German in
one case and Spanish in the other have so modified the /Romany/
groundwork that it would not be possible for a gipsy from the Black Forest
to converse with one of his Andalusian brothers; although a few sentences
on each side would suffice to convince them that each was speaking a
dialect of the same language。 Certain words in very frequent use are; I
believe; common to every dialect。 Thus; in every vocabulary which I have
been able to consult; /pani/ means water; /manro/ means bread; /mas/
stands for meat; and /lon/ for salt。
The nouns of number are almost the same in every case。 The German
dialect seems to me much purer than the Spanish; for it has preserved
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CARMEN
numbers of the primitive grammatical forms; whereas the Gitanos have
adopted those of the Castilian tongue。 Nevertheless; some words are an
exception; as though to prove that the language was originally common to
all。 The preterite of the German dialect is formed by adding /ium/ to the
imperative; which is always the root of the verb。 In the Spanish /Romany/
the verbs are all conjugated on the model of the first conjugation of the
Castilian verbs。 From /jamar/; the infinitive of 〃to eat;〃 the regular
conjugation should be /jame/; 〃I have eaten。〃 From /lillar/; 〃to take;〃 /lille/;
〃I have taken。〃 Yet; some old gipsies say; as an exception; /jayon/ and
/lillon/。 I am not acquainted with any other verbs which have preserved
this ancient form。
While I am thus showing off my small acquaintance with the
/Romany/ language; I must notice a few words of French slang which our
thieves have borrowed from the gipsies。 From /Les Mysteres de Paris/
honest folk have learned that the word /chourin/ means 〃a knife。〃 This is
pure /Romany//tchouri/ is one of the words which is common to every
dialect。 Monsieur Vidocq calls a horse /gres/this again is a gipsy word
/gras/; /gre/; /graste/; and /gris/。 Add to this the word /romanichel/; by
which the gipsies are described in Parisian slang。 This is a corruption of
/romane tchave/〃gipsy lads。〃 But a piece of etymology of which I am
really proud is that of the word /frimousse/; 〃face;〃 〃countenance〃a word
which every schoolboy uses; or did use; in my time。 Note; in the first place;
the Oudin; in his curious dictionary; published in 1640; wrote the word
/firlimouse/。 Now in /Romany/; /firla/; or /fila/; stands for 〃face;〃 and has
the same meaningit is exactly the /os/ of the Latins。 The combination of
/firlamui/ was instantly understood by a genuine gipsy; and I believe it to
be true to the spirit of the gipsy language。
I have surely said enough to give the readers of Carmen a favourable
idea of my /Romany/ studies。 I will conclude with the following proverb;
which comes in very appropriately: /En retudi panda nasti abela macha/。
〃Between closed lips no fly can pass。〃
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