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carmen(卡门)-第16部分

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in so prodigious a fashion; and in several countries; all very remote from 

each other。 The gipsies themselves have preserved no tradition whatsoever 

as   to   their   origin;   and   though   most   of   them   do   speak   of   Egypt   as   their 

original fatherland; that is only because they have adopted a very ancient 

fable respecting their race。 

     Most of the Orientalists who have studied the gipsy language believe 

that the cradle of the race was in India。 It appears; in fact; that many of the 

roots and grammatical forms of the /Romany/ tongue are to be found in 

idioms derived from the Sanskrit。 As may be imagined; the gipsies; during 

their    long   wanderings;      have    adopted     many     foreign    words。    In   every 

/Romany/ dialect a number of Greek words appear。 

     At the present day the gipsies have almost as many dialects as there 

are separate hordes of their race。 Everywhere; they speak the language of 

the   country   they   inhabit   more   easily   than   their   own   idiom;   which   they 

seldom use; except with the object of conversing freely before strangers。 A 

comparison   of   the   dialect   of   the   German   gipsies   with   that   used   by   the 

Spanish   gipsies;   who   have   held   no   communication   with   each   other   for 

several     centuries;    reveals   the   existence     of  a  great   number      of  words 

common to both。 But everywhere the original language is notably affected; 

though      in  different   degrees;     by  its  contact    with   the   more    cultivated 

languages into the use of which the nomads have been forced。 German in 

one    case    and   Spanish     in  the   other   have    so   modified     the   /Romany/ 

groundwork that it would not be possible for a gipsy from the Black Forest 

to converse with one of his Andalusian brothers; although a few sentences 

on   each   side   would   suffice   to   convince   them   that   each   was   speaking   a 

dialect   of   the   same   language。   Certain   words   in   very   frequent   use   are;   I 

believe; common to every dialect。 Thus; in every vocabulary which I have 

been   able   to   consult;   /pani/   means   water;   /manro/   means   bread;   /mas/ 

stands for meat; and /lon/ for salt。 

     The nouns of number are almost the same in every case。 The German 

dialect   seems   to   me   much   purer   than   the   Spanish;   for   it   has   preserved 



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                                          CARMEN 



numbers   of   the   primitive   grammatical   forms;   whereas   the   Gitanos   have 

adopted   those   of   the   Castilian   tongue。   Nevertheless;   some   words   are   an 

exception; as though to prove that the language was originally common to 

all。 The preterite of the German dialect is formed by adding /ium/ to the 

imperative; which is always the root of the verb。 In the Spanish /Romany/ 

the verbs are all conjugated on the model of the first conjugation of the 

Castilian     verbs。   From     /jamar/;   the   infinitive   of   〃to  eat;〃   the   regular 

conjugation should be /jame/; 〃I have eaten。〃 From /lillar/; 〃to take;〃 /lille/; 

〃I   have   taken。〃   Yet;   some   old   gipsies   say;   as   an   exception;   /jayon/   and 

/lillon/。  I   am  not   acquainted   with   any  other   verbs   which   have   preserved 

this ancient form。 

     While     I   am   thus    showing     off   my    small    acquaintance      with    the 

/Romany/ language; I must notice a few words of French slang which our 

thieves   have   borrowed   from   the   gipsies。   From   /Les   Mysteres   de   Paris/ 

honest folk have learned that the word /chourin/ means 〃a knife。〃 This is 

pure /Romany//tchouri/ is one of the words which is common to every 

dialect。 Monsieur Vidocq calls a horse /gres/this again is a gipsy word 

/gras/;   /gre/;   /graste/;   and   /gris/。   Add   to   this   the   word   /romanichel/;   by 

which the gipsies are described in Parisian slang。 This is a corruption of 

/romane   tchave/〃gipsy   lads。〃   But   a   piece   of   etymology   of   which   I   am 

really proud is that of the word /frimousse/; 〃face;〃 〃countenance〃a word 

which every schoolboy uses; or did use; in my time。 Note; in the first place; 

the   Oudin;   in   his   curious   dictionary;   published   in   1640;   wrote   the   word 

/firlimouse/。 Now in /Romany/; /firla/; or /fila/; stands for 〃face;〃 and has 

the same meaningit is exactly the /os/ of the Latins。 The combination of 

/firlamui/ was instantly understood by a genuine gipsy; and I believe it to 

be true to the spirit of the gipsy language。 

     I have surely said enough to give the readers of Carmen a favourable 

idea of my /Romany/ studies。 I will conclude with the following proverb; 

which comes in very appropriately: /En retudi panda nasti abela macha/。 

〃Between closed lips no fly can pass。〃 



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