a defence of poesie and poems-第3部分

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among　them；　yet　do　their　poets；　even　to　this　day；　last；　so　as　it　is　not　more　notable　in　the　soon　beginning　than　in　long…continuing。

But　since　the　authors　of　most　of　our　sciences　were　the　Romans；　and　before　them　the　Greeks；　let　us；　a　little；　stand　upon　their　authorities；　but　even　so　far；　as　to　see　what　names　they　have　given　unto　this　now　scorned　skill。　｛9｝　　Among　the　Romans　a　poet　was　called　〃vates；〃　which　is　as　much　as　a　diviner；　foreseer；　or　prophet；　as　by　his　conjoined　words　〃vaticinium；〃　and　〃vaticinari；〃　is　manifest；　so　heavenly　a　title　did　that　excellent　people　bestow　upon　this　heart…　ravishing　knowledge！　　And　so　far　were　they　carried　into　the　admiration　thereof；　that　they　thought　in　the　changeable　hitting　upon　any　such　verses；　great　foretokens　of　their　following　fortunes　were　placed。　　Whereupon　grew　the　word　of　sortes　Virgilianae；　when；　by　sudden　opening　Virgil's　book；　they　lighted　upon　some　verse；　as　it　is　reported　by　many；　whereof　the　histories　of　the　Emperors'　lives　are　full。　　As　of　Albinus；　the　governor　of　our　island；　who；　in　his　childhood；　met　with　this　verse　…


Arma　amens　capio；　nec　sat　rationis　in　armis


and　in　his　age　performed　it。　　Although　it　were　a　very　vain　and　godless　superstition；　as　also　it　was；　to　think　spirits　were　commanded　by　such　verses；　whereupon　this　word　charms；　derived　of　〃carmina；〃　cometh；　so　yet　serveth　it　to　show　the　great　reverence　those　wits　were　held　in；　and　altogether　not　without　ground；　since　both　the　oracles　of　Delphi　and　the　Sibyl's　prophecies　were　wholly　delivered　in　verses；　for　that　same　exquisite　observing　of　number　and　measure　in　the　words；　and　that　high…flying　liberty　of　conceit　proper　to　the　poet；　did　seem　to　have　some　divine　force　in　it。

And　｛10｝　may　not　I　presume　a　little　farther　to　show　the　reasonableness　of　this　word　〃vates；〃　and　say；　that　the　holy　David's　Psalms　are　a　divine　poem？　　If　I　do；　I　shall　not　do　it　without　the　testimony　of　great　learned　men；　both　ancient　and　modern。　　But　even　the　name　of　Psalms　will　speak　for　me；　which；　being　interpreted；　is　nothing　but　Songs；　then；　that　is　fully　written　in　metre；　as　all　learned　Hebricians　agree；　although　the　rules　be　not　yet　fully　found。　Lastly；　and　principally；　his　handling　his　prophecy；　which　is　merely　poetical。　　For　what　else　is　the　awaking　his　musical　instruments；　the　often　and　free　changing　of　persons；　his　notable　prosopopoeias；　when　he　maketh　you；　as　it　were；　see　God　coming　in　His　majesty；　his　telling　of　the　beasts'　joyfulness；　and　hills　leaping；　but　a　heavenly　poesy；　wherein；　almost；　he　sheweth　himself　a　passionate　lover　of　that　unspeakable　and　everlasting　beauty；　to　be　seen　by　the　eyes　of　the　mind；　only　cleared　by　faith？　　But　truly；　now；　having　named　him；　I　fear　I　seem　to　profane　that　holy　name；　applying　it　to　poetry；　which　is；　among　us；　thrown　down　to　so　ridiculous　an　estimation。　　But　they　that；　with　quiet　judgments；　will　look　a　little　deeper　into　it；　shall　find　the　end　and　working　of　it　such；　as；　being　rightly　applied；　deserveth　not　to　be　scourged　out　of　the　church　of　God。

But　｛11｝　now　let　us　see　how　the　Greeks　have　named　it；　and　how　they　deemed　of　it。　　The　Greeks　named　him　＇Greek　text＇；　which　name　hath；　as　the　most　excellent；　gone　through　other　languages；　it　cometh　of　this　word　＇Greek　text＇；　which　is　TO　MAKE；　wherein；　I　know　not　whether　by　luck　or　wisdom；　we　Englishmen　have　met　with　the　Greeks　in　calling　him　〃a　maker；〃　which　name；　how　high　and　incomparable　a　title　it　is；　I　had　rather　were　known　by　marking　the　scope　of　other　sciences；　than　by　any　partial　allegation。　　There　is　no　art　delivered　unto　mankind　that　hath　not　the　works　of　nature　for　his　principal　object；　without　which　they　could　not　consist；　and　on　which　they　so　depend　as　they　become　actors　and　players；　as　it　were；　of　what　nature　will　have　set　forth。　｛12｝　　So　doth　the　astronomer　look　upon　the　stars；　and　by　that　he　seeth　set　down　what　order　nature　hath　taken　therein。　　So　doth　the　geometrician　and　arithmetician；　in　their　diverse　sorts　of　quantities。　　So　doth　the　musician；　in　times；　tell　you　which　by　nature　agree；　which　not。　　The　natural　philosopher　thereon　hath　his　name；　and　the　moral　philosopher　standeth　upon　the　natural　virtues；　vices；　or　passions　of　man；　and　follow　nature；　saith　he；　therein；　and　thou　shalt　not　err。　　The　lawyer　saith　what　men　have　determined。　　The　historian；　what　men　have　done。　　The　grammarian　speaketh　only　of　the　rules　of　speech；　and　the　rhetorician　and　logician；　considering　what　in　nature　will　soonest　prove　and　persuade；　thereon　give　artificial　rules；　which　still　are　compassed　within　the　circle　of　a　question；　according　to　the　proposed　matter。　The　physician　weigheth　the　nature　of　man's　body；　and　the　nature　of　things　helpful　and　hurtful　unto　it。　　And　the　metaphysic；　though　it　be　in　the　second　and　abstract　notions；　and　therefore　be　counted　supernatural；　yet　doth　he；　indeed；　build　upon　the　depth　of　nature。　Only　the　poet；　disdaining　to　be　tied　to　any　such　subjection；　lifted　up　with　the　vigour　of　his　own　invention；　doth　grow；　in　effect；　into　another　nature；　in　making　things　either　better　than　nature　bringeth　forth；　or　quite　anew；　forms　such　as　never　were　in　nature；　as　the　heroes；　demi…gods；　Cyclops；　chimeras；　furies；　and　such　like；　so　as　he　goeth　hand　in　hand　with　Nature；　not　enclosed　within　the　narrow　warrant　of　her　gifts；　but　freely　ranging　within　the　zodiac　of　his　own　wit。　｛13｝　　　Nature　never　set　forth　the　earth　in　so　rich　tapestry　as　divers　poets　have　done；　neither　with　so　pleasant　rivers；　fruitful　trees；　sweet…smelling　flowers；　nor　whatsoever　else　may　make　the　too…　much…loved　earth　more　lovely；　her　world　is　brazen；　the　poets　only　deliver　a　golden。

But　let　those　things　alone；　and　go　to　man；　｛14｝　for　whom　as　the　other　things　are；　so　it　seemeth　in　him　her　uttermost　cunning　is　employed；　and　know；　whether　she　have　brought　forth　so　true　a　lover　as　Theagenes；　so　constant　a　friend　as　Pylades；　so　valiant　a　man　as　Orlando；　so　right　a　prince　as　Xenophon's　Cyrus；　and　so　excellent　a　man　every　way　as　Virgil's　AEneas？　　Neither　let　this　be　jestingly　conceived；　because　the　works　of　the　one　be　essential；　the　other　in　imitation　or　fiction；　for　every　understanding　knoweth　the　skill　of　each　artificer　standeth　in　that　idea；　or　fore…conceit　of　the　work；　and　not　in　the　work　itself。　　And　that　the　poet　hath　that　idea　is　manifest　by　delivering　them　forth　in　such　excellency　as　he　had　imagined　them；　which　delivering　forth；　also；　is　not　wholly　imaginative；　as　we　are　wont　to　say　by　them　that　build　castles　in　the　air；　but　so　far　substantially　it　worketh　not　only　to　make　a　Cyrus；　which　had　been　but　a　particular　excellency；　as　nature　might　have　done；　but　to　bestow　a　Cyrus　upon　the　world　to　make　many　Cyruses；　if　they　will　learn　aright；　why；　and　how；　that　maker　made　him。　　Neither　let　it　be　deemed　too　saucy　a　comparison　to　balance　the　highest　point　of　man's　wit　with　the　efficacy　of　nature；　but　rather　give　right　honour　to　the　heavenly　Maker　of　that　maker；　who　having　made　man　to　His　own　likeness；　set　him　beyond　and　over　all　the　works　of　that　second　nature；　which　in　nothing　he　showeth　so　much　as　in　poetry；　when；　with　the　force　of　a　divine　breath；　he　bringeth　things　forth　surpassing　her　doings；　with　no　small　arguments　to　the　incredulous　of　that　first　accursed　fall　of　Adam；　since　our　erected　wit　maketh　us　know　what　perfection　is；　and　yet　our　infected　will　keepeth　us　from　reaching　unto　it。　　But　these　arguments　will　by　few　be　understood；　and　by　fewer　granted；　thus　much　I　hope　will　be　given　me；　that　the　Greeks；　with　some　probability　of　reason；　gave　him　the　name　above　all　names　of　learning。

Now　｛15｝　let　us　go　to　a　more　ordinary　opening　of　him；　that　the　truth　may　be　the　more　palpable；　and　so；　I　hope；　though　we　get　not　so　unmatched　a　praise　as　the　etymology　of　his　names　will　grant；　yet　his　very　description；　which　no　man　will　deny；　shall　not　justly　be　barred　from　a　principal　commendation。

Poesy；　｛16｝　therefore；　is　an　art　of　imitation；　for　so　Aristotle　termeth　it　in　the　word　＇Greek　text＇；　that　is　to　say；　a　representing；　counterfeiting；　or　figuring　forth：　　to　speak　metaphorically；　a　speaking　picture；　with　this　end；　to　teach　and　delight。

Of　｛17｝　this　have　been　three　general　kinds：　　the　CHIEF；　both　in　antiquity　and　excellency；　which　they　that　did　imitate　the　inconceivable　excellencies　of　God；　such　were　David　in　the　Psalms；　Solomon　in　the　Song　of　Songs；　in　his　Ecclesiastes；　and　Proverbs；　Moses　and　Deborah　in　their　hymns；　and　the　writer　of　Job；　which；　beside　others；　the　learned　Emanuel　Tremellius　and　Fr。　Junius　do　entitle　the　poetical　part　of　the　scripture；　against　these　none　will　speak　that　hath　the　Holy　Ghost　in　due　holy　reverence。　　In　this　kind；　though　in　a　wrong　divinity；　were　Orpheus；　Amphion；　Homer　in　his　hymns；　and　many　others；　both　Greeks　and　Romans。　　And　this　poesy　must　be　used　by　whosoever　will　follow　St。　Paul's　counsel；　in　singing　psalms　when　they　are　merry；　and　I　know　is　used　with　the　fruit　of　comfort　by　some；　when；　in　sorrowful　pangs　of　their　death…bringing　sins；　they　find　the　consolation　of　the　never…leaving　goodness。

The　｛18｝　SECOND　kind　is　of　them　that　deal　with　matter　philosophical；　either　moral；　as　Tyrtaeus；　Phocylides；　Cato；　or；　natural；　as　Lucretius；　Virgil's　Georgics；　or　astronomical；　as　Manilius　｛19｝　and　Pontanus；　or　historical；　as　Lucan；　which　who　mislike；　the　fault　is　in　their　judgment；　quite　out　of　taste；　and　not　in　the　sweet　food　of　sweetly　uttered　knowledge。

But　because　this　second　sort　is　wrapped　within　the　fold　of　the　proposed　subject；　and　takes　not　the　free　course　of　his　own　invention；　whether　they　properly　be　poets　or　no；　let　grammarians　dispute；　and　go　to　the　THIRD；　｛20｝　indeed　right　poets；　of　whom　chiefly　this　question　ariseth；　betwixt　whom　and　these　second　is　such　a　kind　of　difference；　as　betwixt　the　meaner　sort　of　painters；　who　counterfeit　only　such　faces　as　are　set　before　them；　and　the　more　excellent；　who　having　no　law　but　wit；　bestow　that　in　colours　upon　you　which　is　fittest　for　the　eye　to　see；　as　the　constant；　though　lamenting　look　of　Lucretia；　when　she　punished　in　herself　another's　fault；　wherein　he　painteth　not　Lucretia；　whom　he　never　saw；　but　painteth　the　outward　beauty　of　such　a　virtue。　　For　these　three　be　they　which　most　properly　do　imitate　to　teach　and　delight；　and　to　imitate；　borrow　nothing　of　what　is；　hath　been；　or　shall　be；　but　range