the critic as artist-第15部分

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ERNEST。　　Do　you　really　mean　that？

GILBERT。　　Yes；　for　creation　limits；　while　contemplation　widens；　the　vision。

ERNEST。　　But　what　about　technique？　　Surely　each　art　has　its　separate　technique？

GILBERT。　　Certainly：　　each　art　has　its　grammar　and　its　materials。　There　is　no　mystery　about　either；　and　the　incompetent　can　always　be　correct。　　But；　while　the　laws　upon　which　Art　rests　may　be　fixed　and　certain；　to　find　their　true　realisation　they　must　be　touched　by　the　imagination　into　such　beauty　that　they　will　seem　an　exception；　each　one　of　them。　　Technique　is　really　personality。　　That　is　the　reason　why　the　artist　cannot　teach　it；　why　the　pupil　cannot　learn　it；　and　why　the　aesthetic　critic　can　understand　it。　　To　the　great　poet；　there　is　only　one　method　of　music　…　his　own。　　To　the　great　painter；　there　is　only　one　manner　of　painting　…　that　which　he　himself　employs。　　The　aesthetic　critic；　and　the　aesthetic　critic　alone；　can　appreciate　all　forms　and　modes。　　It　is　to　him　that　Art　makes　her　appeal。

ERNEST。　　Well；　I　think　I　have　put　all　my　questions　to　you。　　And　now　I　must　admit　…

GILBERT。　　Ah！　don't　say　that　you　agree　with　me。　　When　people　agree　with　me　I　always　feel　that　I　must　be　wrong。

ERNEST。　　In　that　case　I　certainly　won't　tell　you　whether　I　agree　with　you　or　not。　　But　I　will　put　another　question。　　You　have　explained　to　me　that　criticism　is　a　creative　art。　　What　future　has　it？

GILBERT。　　It　is　to　criticism　that　the　future　belongs。　　The　subject…　matter　at　the　disposal　of　creation　becomes　every　day　more　limited　in　extent　and　variety。　　Providence　and　Mr。　Walter　Besant　have　exhausted　the　obvious。　　If　creation　is　to　last　at　all；　it　can　only　do　so　on　the　condition　of　becoming　far　more　critical　than　it　is　at　present。　　The　old　roads　and　dusty　highways　have　been　traversed　too　often。　　Their　charm　has　been　worn　away　by　plodding　feet；　and　they　have　lost　that　element　of　novelty　or　surprise　which　is　so　essential　for　romance。　　He　who　would　stir　us　now　by　fiction　must　either　give　us　an　entirely　new　background；　or　reveal　to　us　the　soul　of　man　in　its　innermost　workings。　　The　first　is　for　the　moment　being　done　for　us　by　Mr。　Rudyard　Kipling。　　As　one　turns　over　the　pages　of　his　PLAIN　TALES　FROM　THE　HILLS；　one　feels　as　if　one　were　seated　under　a　palm…tree　reading　life　by　superb　flashes　of　vulgarity。　　The　bright　colours　of　the　bazaars　dazzle　one's　eyes。　　The　jaded；　second…rate　Anglo…Indians　are　in　exquisite　incongruity　with　their　surroundings。　The　mere　lack　of　style　in　the　story…teller　gives　an　odd　journalistic　realism　to　what　he　tells　us。　　From　the　point　of　view　of　literature　Mr。　Kipling　is　a　genius　who　drops　his　aspirates。　From　the　point　of　view　of　life；　he　is　a　reporter　who　knows　vulgarity　better　than　any　one　has　ever　known　it。　　Dickens　knew　its　clothes　and　its　comedy。　　Mr。　Kipling　knows　its　essence　and　its　seriousness。　　He　is　our　first　authority　on　the　second…rate；　and　has　seen　marvellous　things　through　keyholes；　and　his　backgrounds　are　real　works　of　art。　　As　for　the　second　condition；　we　have　had　Browning；　and　Meredith　is　with　us。　　But　there　is　still　much　to　be　done　in　the　sphere　of　introspection。　　People　sometimes　say　that　fiction　is　getting　too　morbid。　　As　far　as　psychology　is　concerned；　it　has　never　been　morbid　enough。　　We　have　merely　touched　the　surface　of　the　soul；　that　is　all。　　In　one　single　ivory　cell　of　the　brain　there　are　stored　away　things　more　marvellous　and　more　terrible　than　even　they　have　dreamed　of；　who；　like　the　author　of　LE　ROUGE　ET　LE　NOIR；　have　sought　to　track　the　soul　into　its　most　secret　places；　and　to　make　life　confess　its　dearest　sins。　　Still；　there　is　a　limit　even　to　the　number　of　untried　backgrounds；　and　it　is　possible　that　a　further　development　of　the　habit　of　introspection　may　prove　fatal　to　that　creative　faculty　to　which　it　seeks　to　supply　fresh　material。　　I　myself　am　inclined　to　think　that　creation　is　doomed。　　It　springs　from　too　primitive；　too　natural　an　impulse。　　However　this　may　be；　it　is　certain　that　the　subject…　matter　at　the　disposal　of　creation　is　always　diminishing；　while　the　subject…matter　of　criticism　increases　daily。　　There　are　always　new　attitudes　for　the　mind；　and　new　points　of　view。　　The　duty　of　imposing　form　upon　chaos　does　not　grow　less　as　the　world　advances。　There　was　never　a　time　when　Criticism　was　more　needed　than　it　is　now。　　It　is　only　by　its　means　that　Humanity　can　become　conscious　of　the　point　at　which　it　has　arrived。

Hours　ago；　Ernest；　you　asked　me　the　use　of　Criticism。　　You　might　just　as　well　have　asked　me　the　use　of　thought。　　It　is　Criticism；　as　Arnold　points　out；　that　creates　the　intellectual　atmosphere　of　the　age。　　It　is　Criticism；　as　I　hope　to　point　out　myself　some　day；　that

makes　the　mind　a　fine　instrument。　　We；　in　our　educational　system；　have　burdened　the　memory　with　a　load　of　unconnected　facts；　and　laboriously　striven　to　impart　our　laboriously…acquired　knowledge。　We　teach　people　how　to　remember；　we　never　teach　them　how　to　grow。　It　has　never　occurred　to　us　to　try　and　develop　in　the　mind　a　more　subtle　quality　of　apprehension　and　discernment。　　The　Greeks　did　this；　and　when　we　come　in　contact　with　the　Greek　critical　intellect；　we　cannot　but　be　conscious　that；　while　our　subject…　matter　is　in　every　respect　larger　and　more　varied　than　theirs；　theirs　is　the　only　method　by　which　this　subject…matter　can　be　interpreted。　　England　has　done　one　thing；　it　has　invented　and　established　Public　Opinion；　which　is　an　attempt　to　organise　the　ignorance　of　the　community；　and　to　elevate　it　to　the　dignity　of　physical　force。　　But　Wisdom　has　always　been　hidden　from　it。　Considered　as　an　instrument　of　thought；　the　English　mind　is　coarse　and　undeveloped。　　The　only　thing　that　can　purify　it　is　the　growth　of　the　critical　instinct。

It　is　Criticism；　again；　that；　by　concentration；　makes　culture　possible。　　It　takes　the　cumbersome　mass　of　creative　work；　and　distils　it　into　a　finer　essence。　　Who　that　desires　to　retain　any　sense　of　form　could　struggle　through　the　monstrous　multitudinous　books　that　the　world　has　produced；　books　in　which　thought　stammers　or　ignorance　brawls？　　The　thread　that　is　to　guide　us　across　the　wearisome　labyrinth　is　in　the　hands　of　Criticism。　　Nay　more；　where　there　is　no　record；　and　history　is　either　lost；　or　was　never　written；　Criticism　can　re…create　the　past　for　us　from　the　very　smallest　fragment　of　language　or　art；　just　as　surely　as　the　man　of　science　can　from　some　tiny　bone；　or　the　mere　impress　of　a　foot　upon　a　rock；　re…create　for　us　the　winged　dragon　or　Titan　lizard　that　once　made　the　earth　shake　beneath　its　tread；　can　call　Behemoth　out　of　his　cave；　and　make　Leviathan　swim　once　more　across　the　startled　sea。　　Prehistoric　history　belongs　to　the　philological　and　archaeological　critic。　　It　is　to　him　that　the　origins　of　things　are　revealed。　　The　self…conscious　deposits　of　an　age　are　nearly　always　misleading。　　Through　philological　criticism　alone　we　know　more　of　the　centuries　of　which　no　actual　record　has　been　preserved；　than　we　do　of　the　centuries　that　have　left　us　their　scrolls。　　It　can　do　for　us　what　can　be　done　neither　by　physics　nor　metaphysics。　　It　can　give　us　the　exact　science　of　mind　in　the　process　of　becoming。　　It　can　do　for　us　what　History　cannot　do。　　It　can　tell　us　what　man　thought　before　he　learned　how　to　write。　　You　have　asked　me　about　the　influence　of　Criticism。　　I　think　I　have　answered　that　question　already；　but　there　is　this　also　to　be　said。　　It　is　Criticism　that　makes　us　cosmopolitan。　　The　Manchester　school　tried　to　make　men　realise　the　brotherhood　of　humanity；　by　pointing　out　the　commercial　advantages　of　peace。　　It　sought　to　degrade　the　wonderful　world　into　a　common　market…place　for　the　buyer　and　the　seller。　　It　addressed　itself　to　the　lowest　instincts；　and　it　failed。　　War　followed　upon　war；　and　the　tradesman's　creed　did　not　prevent　France　and　Germany　from　clashing　together　in　blood…stained　battle。　　There　are　others　of　our　own　day　who　seek　to　appeal　to　mere　emotional　sympathies；　or　to　the　shallow　dogmas　of　some　vague　system　of　abstract　ethics。　They　have　their　Peace　Societies；　so　dear　to　the　sentimentalists；　and　their　proposals　for　unarmed　International　Arbitration；　so　popular　among　those　who　have　never　read　history。　　But　mere　emotional　sympathy　will　not　do。　　It　is　too　variable；　and　too　closely　connected　with　the　passions；　and　a　board　of　arbitrators　who；　for　the　general　welfare　of　the　race；　are　to　be　deprived　of　the　power　of　putting　their　decisions　into　execution；　will　not　be　of　much　avail。　　There　is　only　one　thing　worse　than　Injustice；　and　that　is　Justice　without　her　sword　in　her　hand。　　When　Right　is　not　Might；　it　is　Evil。

No：　　the　emotions　will　not　make　us　cosmopolitan；　any　more　than　the　greed　for　gain　could　do　so。　　It　is　only　by　the　cultivation　of　the　habit　of　intellectual　criticism　that　we　shall　be　able　to　rise　superior　to　race…prejudices。　　Goethe　…　you　will　not　misunderstand　what　I　say　…　was　a　German　of　the　Germans。　　He　loved　his　country　…　no　man　more　so。　　Its　people　were　dear　to　him；　and　he　led　them。　Yet；　when　the　iron　hoof　of　Napoleon　trampled　upon　vineyard　and　cornfield；　his　lips　were　silent。　　'How　can　one　write　songs　of　hatred　without　hating？'　he　said　to　Eckermann；　'and　how　could　I；　to　whom　culture　and　barbarism　are　alone　of　importance；　hate　a　nation　which　is　among　the　most　cultivated　of　the　earth　and　to　which　I　owe　so　great　a　part　of　my　own　cultivation？'　　This　note；　sounded　in　the　modern　world　by　Goethe　first；　will　become；　I　think；　the　starting　point　for　the　cosmopolitanism　of　the　future。　　Criticism　will　annihilate　race…prejudices；　by　insisting　upon　the　unity　of　the　human　mind　in　the　variety　of　its　forms。　　If　we　are　tempted　to　make　war　upon　another　nation；　we　shall　remember　that　we　are　seeking　to　destroy　an　element　of　our　own　culture；　and　possibly　its　most　important　element。　　As　long　as　war　is　regarded　as　wicked；　it　will　always　have　its　fascination。　　When　it　is　looked　upon　as　vulgar；　it　will　cease　to　be　popular。　　The　change　will　of　course　be　slow；　and　people　will　not　be　conscious　of　it。　　They　will　not　say　'We　will　not　war　against　France　because　her　prose　is　perfect；'　but　because　the　prose　of　France　is　perfect；　they　will　not　hate　the　land。　Intellectual　criticism　will　bind　Europe　together　in　bonds　far　closer　than　those　that　can　be　forged　by　shopman　or　sentimentalist。　It　will　g