memoirs of napoleon bonaparte, v11-第11部分

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throne　of　Spain　on　Joseph；　she　was　seized　with　a　feeling　of　indescribable
alarm。　　It　would　be　difficult　to　define　that　instinctive　feeling　which
leads　us　to　foresee　the　future；　but　it　is　a　fact　that　Josephine　was
endowed　with　this　faculty　in　a　more　perfect　decree　than　any　other　person
I　have　ever　known；　and　to　her　it　was　a　fatal　gift；　for　she　suffered　at
the　same　time　under　the　weight　of　present　and　of　future　misfortunes。

I　often　visited　her　at　Malmaison；　as　Duroc　assured　me　that　the　Emperor
had　no　objection　to　my　doing　so；　yet　he　must　have　been　fully　aware　that
when　Josephine　and　I　were　in　confidential　conversation　he　would　not
always　be　mentioned　in　terms　of　unqualified　eulogy；　and　in　truth；　his
first　friend　and　his　first　wife　might　well　be　excused　for　sometimes
commingling　their　complaints。

Though　more　than　a　twelvemonth　had　elapsed　since　the　divorce　grief　still
preyed　on　the　heart　of　Josephine。　　〃You　cannot　conceive；　my　friend；〃　she
often　said　to　me；　〃all　the　torments　that　I　have　suffered　since　that　fatal
day！　　I　cannot　imagine　how　I　survived　it。　　You　cannot　figure　to　yourself
the　pain　I　endure　on　seeing　descriptions　of　his　fetes　everywhere。　　And
the　first　time　he　came　to　visit　me　after　his　marriage；　what　a　meeting　was
that！　　How　many　tears　I　shed！　　The　days　on　which　he　comes　are　to　me　days
of　misery；　for　he　spares　me　not。　　How　cruel　to　speak　of　his　expected
heir。　　Bourrienne；　you　cannot　conceive　how　heart…rending　all　this　is　to
me！　　Better；　far　better　to　be　exiled　a　thousand　leagues　from　hence！
However；〃　added　Josephine；　〃a　few　friends　still　remain　faithful　in　my
changed　fortune；　and　that　is　now　the　only　thing　which　affords　me　even
temporary　consolation。〃　　The　truth　is　that　she　was　extremely　unhappy；　and
the　most　acceptable　consolation　her　friends　could　offer　her　was　to　weep
with　her。　　Yet　such　was　still　Josephine's　passion　for　dress；　that　after。
having　wept　for　a　quarter　of　an　hour　she　would　dry　her　tears　to　give
audience　to　milliners　and　jewellers。　　The　sight　of　a　new　hat　would　call
forth　all　Josephine's　feminine　love　of　finery。　　One　day　I　remember　that；
taking　advantage　of　the　momentary　serenity　occasioned　by　an　ample　display
of　sparkling　gewgaws；　I　congratulated　her　upon　the　happy　influence　they
exercised　over　her　spirits；　when　she　said；　〃My　dear　friend；　I　ought；
indeed；　to　be　indifferent　to　all　this；　but　it　is　a　habit。〃　　Josephine
might　have　added　that　it　was　also　an　occupation；　for　it　would　be　no
exaggeration　to　say　that　if　the　time　she　wasted　in　tears　and　at　her
toilet　had　been　subtracted　from　her　life　its　duration　would　have　been
considerably　shortened。

The　vast　extent　of　the　French　Empire　now　presented　a　spectacle　which
resembled　rather　the　dominion　of　the　Romans　and　the　conquests　of
Charlemagne　than　the　usual　form　and　political　changes　of　modern　Europe。
In　fact；　for　nearly　two　centuries；　until　the　period　of　the　Revolution；
and　particularly　until　the　elevation　of　Napoleon；　no　remarkable　changes
had　taken　place　in　the　boundaries　of　European　States；　if　we　except　the
partition　of　Poland；　when　two　of　the　co…partitioners　committed　the　error
of　turning　the　tide　of　Russia　towards　the　west！　　Under　Napoleon
everything　was　overturned　with　astonishing　rapidity：　customs；　manners；
laws；　were　superseded

　　　　　＇The　so…called　〃French〃　armies　of　the　time；　drawn　from　all　parts
　　　　　of　the　Empire　and　from　the　dependent　States；　represented　the
　　　　　extraordinary　fusion　attempted　by　Napoleon。　　Thus；　at　the　battle　of
　　　　　Ocana　there　were　at　least　troops　of　the　following　States；　viz。
　　　　　Warsaw；　Holland；　Baden；　Nassau；　Hesse…Darmstadt；　Frankfort；　besides
　　　　　the　Spaniards　in　Joseph's　service。　　A　Spanish　division　went　to
　　　　　Denmark；　the　regiment　from　Isembourg　was　sent　to　Naples；　while　the
　　　　　Neapolitans　crossed　to　Spain。　　Even　the　little　Valais　had　to　furnish
　　　　　a　battalion。　　Blacks　from　San　Domingo　served　in　Naples；　while
　　　　　sixteen　nations；　like　so　many　chained　dogs；　advanced　into　Russia。
　　　　　Such　troops　could　not　have　the　spirit　of　a　homogeneous　army。

　　　　　Already；　in　1808；　Metternich　had　written　from　Paris　to　his　Court；
　　　　　〃It　is　no　longer　the　nation　that　fights：　the　present　war　（Spain）　is
　　　　　Napoleon's　war；　it　is　not　even　that　of　his　army。〃　　But　Napoleon
　　　　　himself　was　aware　of　the　danger　of　the　Empire　from　its　own　extent。
　　　　　In　the　silence　of　his　cabinet　his　secretary　Meneval　sometimes　heard
　　　　　him　murmur；　〃L'arc　est　trop　longtemps　tendu。〃＇

by　new　customs；　new　manners；　and　new　laws；　imposed　by　force；　and　forming
a　heterogeneous　whole；　which　could　not　fail　to　dissolve；　as　soon　as　the
influence　of　the　power　which　had　created　it　should　cease　to　operate。
Such　was　the　state　of　Italy　that　I　have　been　informed　by　an　individual
worthy　of　credit　that　if　the　army　of　Prince　Eugene；　instead　of　being
victorious；　had　been　beaten　on　the　Piava；　a　deeply…organised　revolution
would　have　broken　out　in　Piedmont；　and　even　in　the　Kingdom　of　Italy；
where；　nevertheless；　the　majority　of　the　people　fully　appreciated　the
excellent　qualities　of　Eugene。　　I　have　been　also　credibly　informed　that
lists　were　in　readiness　designating　those　of　the　French　who　were　to　be
put　to　death；　as　well　as　those　by　whom　the　severe　orders　of　the　Imperial
Government　　　had　been　mitigated；　and　who　were　only　to　be　banished。　　In
fact；　revolt　was　as　natural　to　the　Italians　as　submission　to　the　Germans；
and　as　the　fury　of　despair　to　the　Spanish　nation。　　On　this　subject　I　may
cite　an　observation　contained　in　one　of　the　works　of　Alfieri；　published
fifteen　years　before　the　Spanish　war。　　Taking　a　cursory　view　of　the
different　European　nations　he　regardedthe　Spaniards　as　the　only　people
possessed　of　〃sufficient　energy　to　struggle　against　foreign　usurpation。〃
Had　I　still　been　near　the　person　of　Napoleon　I　would　most　assuredly　have
resorted　to　an　innocent　artifice；　which　I　had　several　times　employed；　and
placed　the　work　of　Alfieri　on　his　table　open　at　the　page　I　wished　him　to
read。　　Alfieri's　opinion　of　the　Spanish　people　was　in　the　end　fully
verified；　and　I　confess　I　cannot　think　without　shuddering　of　the　torrents
of　blood　which　inundated　the　Peninsula；　and　for　what？　　To　make　Joseph
Bonaparte　a　King！

The　commencement　of　1811　was　sufficiently　favourable　to　the　French　arms
in　Spain；　but　towards　the　beginning　of　March　the　aspect　of　affairs
changed。　　The　Duke　of　Belluno；　notwithstanding　the　valour　of　his　troops；
was　unsuccessful　at　Chiclana；　and　from　that　day　the　French　army　could　not
make　head　against　the　combined　forces　of　England　and　Portugal。　　Even
Massena；　notwithstanding　the　title　of　Prince　of　Eslingen　（or　Essling）；
which　he　had　won　under　the　walls　of　Vienna；　was　no　longer　〃the　favourite
child　of　victory〃　as　he　had　been　at　Zurich。

Having　mentioned　Massena　I　may　observe　that　he　did　not　favour　the　change
of　the　French　Government　on　the　foundation　of　the　Empire。　　Massena　loved
two　things；　glory　and　money；　but　as　to　what　is　termed　honours；　he　only
valued　those　which　resulted　from　the　command　of　an　army；　and　his
recollections　all　bound　him　to　the　Republic；　because　the　Republic
recalled　to　his　mind　the　most　brilliant　and　glorious　events　of　his
military　career。　　He　was；　besides；　among　the　number　of　the　Marshals　who
wished　to　see　a　limit　put　to　the　ambition　of　Bonaparte；　and　he　had
assuredly　done　enough；　since　the　commencement　of　the　wars　of　the
Republic；　to　be　permitted　to　enjoy　some　repose；　which　his　health　at　that
period　required。　　What　could　he　achieve　against　the　English　in　Portugal？
The　combined　forces　of　England　and　Portugal　daily　augmented；　while　ours
diminished。　　No　efforts　were　spared　by　England　to　gain　a　superiority　in
the　great　struggle　in　which　she　was　engaged；　as　her　money　was　lavished
profusely；　her　troops　paid　well　wherever　they　went；　and　were　abundantly
supplied　with　ammunition　and　provisions：　the　French　army　was　compelled；
though　far　from　possessing　such　ample　means；　to　purchase　at　the　same　high
rate；　in　order　to　keep　the　natives　from　joining　the　English　party。　　But
even　this　did　not　prevent　numerous　partial　insurrections　in　different
places；　which　rendered　all　communication　with　France　extremely　difficult。
Armed　bands　continually　carried　off　our　dispersed　soldiers；　and　the
presence　of　the　British　troops；　supported　by　the　money　they　spent　in　the
country；　excited　the　inhabitants　against　us；　for　it　is　impossible　to
suppose　that；　unsupported　by　the　English；　Portugal　could　have　held　out　a
single　moment　against　France。　　But　battles；　bad　weather；　and　even　want；
had　so　reduced　the　French　force　that　it　was　absolutely　necessary　our
troops　should　repose　when　their　enterprises　could　lead　to　no　results。
In　this　state　of　things　Massena　was　recalled；　because　his　health　was　so
materially　injured　as　to　render　it　impossible　for　him　to　exert　sufficient
activity　to　restore　the　army　to　a　respectable　footing。

Under　these　circumstances　Bonaparte　sent　Bertrand　into　Illyria　to　take
the　place　of　Marmont；　who　was　ordered　in　his　turn　to　relieve　Massena　and
take　command　of　the　French　army　in　Portugal　Marmont　on　assuming　the
command　found　the　troops　in　a　deplorable　state。　　The　difficulty　of
procuring　provisions　was　extreme；　and　the　means　he　was　compelled　to
employ　for　that　purpose　greatly　heightened　the　evil；　at　the　same　time
insubordination　and　want　of　discipline　prevailed　to　such　an　alarming
degree　that　it　would　be　as　difficult　as　painful　to　depict　the　situation
of　our　army　at　this　period；　Marmont；　by　his　steady　conduct；　fortunately
succeeded　in　correcting　the　disorders　which　prevailed；　and　very　soon
found　himself　at　the　head　of　a　well…organised　army；　amounting　to　30；000
infantry；　with　forty　pieces　of　artillery；　but　he　had　only　a　very　small
body　of　cavalry；　and　those　ill…mounted。

Affairs　in　Spain　at　the　commencement　of　1811　exhibited　an　aspect　not　very
different　from　those　of　Portugal。　　At　first　we　were　uniformly　successful；
but　our　advantages　were　so　dearly　purchased　that　the　ultimate　issue　of
this　struggle　might　easily　have　been　foreseen；　because　when　a　people
fight　for　their　homes　and　their　liberties　the　invading　army　must
gradually　diminish；　while　at　the　same　time　the　armed　population；
emboldened　by　success；　increases　in　a　still　mor