london in 1731-第11部分

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　the　week；　but　chiefly　on　Mondays；　Wednesdays；　and　Fridays。　　It　received　the　name　of　Queenhithe；　or　harbour；　from　the　duties　anciently　paid　here　to　the　Queens　of　England。

24。　　Baynard's　Castle　Ward　contains　Peter's　Hill；　Bennet's　Hill；　part　of　Thames　Street；　Paul's　Wharf；　Puddle　Dock；　Addle　Hill；　Knightrider　Street；　Carter　Lane；　Wardrobe　Court；　Paul's　Chain；　part　of　St。　Paul's　Churchyard；　Dean's　Court；　part　of　Creed　Lane；　and　part　of　Warwick　Lane。

The　public　buildings　in　this　ward　are　Doctors'　Commons；　the　Heralds'　Office；　the　churches　of　St。　Bennet；　Paul's　Wharf；　St。　Andrew；　Wardrobe；　and　St。　Mary　Magdalen；　Old　Fish　Street。

Doctors'　Commons；　so　called　from　the　doctors　of　the　civil　law　commoning　together　here　as　in　a　college；　is　situated　on　the　west　side　of　Bennet's　Hill；　and　consists　chiefly　of　one　handsome　square　court。　　And　here　are　held　the　Court　of　Admiralty；　Court　of　Arches；　and　the　Prerogative　Court　of　the　Archbishop　of　Canterbury。　　Near　the　Commons　are　the　Prerogative　Office　and　Faculty　Office。

The　Heralds'　College　or　office　is　situated　on　the　east　side　of　Bennet's　Hill；　almost　against　Doctors'　Commons。　　It　is　a　spacious　building；　with　a　square　court　in　the　middle　of　it；　on　the　north　side　whereof　is　the　Court…room；　where　the　Earl　Marshal　sits　to　hear　causes　lying　in　the　court　of　honour　concerning　arms；　achievements；　titles　of　honour；　&c。

25。　　The　Ward　of　Farringdon　Without　includes　Ludgate　Hill；　Fleet　Street　and　Fleet　Ditch；　Sheer　Lane；　Bell　Yard；　Chancery　Lane；　Fetter　Lane；　Dean　Street；　New　Street；　Plough　Yard；　East　and　West　Harding　Street；　Fleur…de…Lis　Court；　Crane　Court；　Red　Lion　Court；　Johnson's　Court；　Dunstan's　Court；　Bolt　Court；　Hind　Court；　Wine　Office　Court；　Shoe　Lane；　Racquet　Court；　Whitefriars；　the　Temples；　Dorset　or　Salisbury　Court；　Dorset　Street；　Bridewell；　the　Old　Bailey；　Harp　Alley；　Holborn　Hill；　Castle　Street　or　Yard；　Cursitor　Alley；　Bartlett's　Buildings；　Holborn　Bridge；　Snow　Hill；　Pye　Corner；　Giltspur　Street；　Cow　Lane；　Cock　Lane；　Hosier　Lane；　Chick　Lane；　Smithfield；　Long　Lane；　Bartholomew　Close；　Cloth　Fair；　and　Duck　Lane。

West　Smithfieldor；　rather；　Smoothfield；　according　to　Stowis　an　open　place；　containing　little　more　than　three　acres　of　ground　at　present；　of　an　irregular　figure；　surrounded　with　buildings　of　various　kinds。　　Here　is　held　one　of　the　greatest　markets　of　oxen　and　sheep　in　Europe；　as　may　easily　be　imagined　when　it　appears　to　be　the　only　market　for　live　cattle　in　this　great　city；　which　is　held　on　Mondays　and　Fridays。　　There　is　also　a　market　for　horses　on　Fridays；　nor　is　there　anywhere　better　riding…horses　to　be　purchased；　if　the　buyer　has　skill；　though　it　must　be　confessed　there　is　a　great　deal　of　jockeying　and　sharping　used　by　the　dealers　in　horseflesh。　　As　for　coach…horses；　and　those　fit　for　troopers；　they　are　usually　purchased　in　the　counties　to　the　northward　of　the　town。　　The　famous　fair　on　the　feast　of　St。　Bartholomew　also　is　held　in　this　place；　which　lasts　three　days；　and；　by　the　indulgence　of　the　City　magistrates；　sometimes　a　fortnight。　　The　first　three　days　were　heretofore　assigned　for　business；　as　the　sale　of　cattle；　leather；　&c。；　but　now　only　for　diversion；　the　players　filling　the　area　of　the　field　with　their　booths；　whither　the　young　citizens　resort　in　crowds。

The　public　buildings　in　this　ward　are　Bridewell；　Serjeants'　Inn　in　Fleet　Street；　the　Temple；　the　Six　Clerks'　Office；　the　Rolls；　Serjeants'　Inn　in　Chancery　Lane；　Clifford's　Inn；　the　House　of　the　Royal　Society；　Staple's　Inn；　Bernards'　Inn；　and　Thavie's　Inn；　Justice　Hall　in　the　Old　Bailey；　and　the　Fleet　Prison；　with　the　churches　of　St。　Bartholomew；　and　the　hospital　adjoining；　the　churches　of　St。　Sepulchre；　St。　Andrew；　Holborn；　St。　Bride's；　and　St。　Dunstan's…in…the…West。

Bridewell　is　situated　on　the　west　side　of　Fleet　Ditch；　a　little　to　the　southward　of　Fleet　Street；　having　two　fronts；　one　to　the　east；　and　the　other　to　the　north；　with　a　handsome　great　gate　in　each　of　them。　　It　consists　chiefly　of　two　courts；　the　innermost　being　the　largest　and　best　built；　four　or　five　storeys　high；　on　the　south　side　whereof　is　a　noble　hall；　adorned　with　the　pictures　of　King　Edward　VI。　and　his　Privy　Council；　King　Charles；　and　King　James　II。；　Sir　William　Turner；　Sir　William　Jeffreys；　and　other　benefactors。

It　was　one　of　the　palaces　of　the　Kings　of　England　till　the　reign　of　King　Edward　VI。；　who　gave　it　to　the　City　of　London　for　the　use　of　their　poor；　with　lands　of　the　value　of　700　marks　per　annum；　and　bedding　and　furniture　out　of　the　Hospital　of　the　Savoy；　then　suppressed。

Here　are　lodgings　and　several　privileges　for　certain　tradesmen；　such　as　flax…dressers；　tailors；　shoemakers；　&c。；　called　art　masters；　who　are　allowed　to　take　servants　and　apprentices　to　the　number　of　about　140；　who　are　clothed　in　blue　vests　at　the　charge　of　the　house；　their　masters　having　the　profit　of　their　labour。　　These　boys　having　served　their　times；　have　their　freedom；　and　ten　pound　each　given　them　towards　carrying　on　their　trades；　and　some　of　them　have　arrived　to　the　honour　of　being　governors　of　the　house　where　they　served。

This　Hospital　is　at　present　under　the　direction　of　a　president；　and　some　hundreds　of　the　most　eminent　and　substantial　citizens；　with　their　inferior　officers；　and　a　court　is　held　every　Friday；　where　such　vagrants　and　lewd　people　are　ordered　to　receive　correction　in　the　sight　of　the　Court；　as　are　adjudged　to　deserve　it。

Among　the　public　buildings　of　this　ward；　that　belonging　to　the　Royal　Society；　situate　at　the　north　end　of　Two　Crane　Court；　in　Fleet　Street；　must　not　be　omitted；　though　it　be　much　more　considerable　on　account　of　the　learned　members　who　assemble　there；　and　the　great　advances　that　have　been　made　by　them　of　late　years　in　natural　philosophy；　&c。；　than　for　the　elegancy　of　the　building。

During　the　grand　rebellion；　when　the　estates　of　the　prime　nobility　and　gentry　were　sequestered；　and　there　was　no　court　for　them　to　resort　to；　the　then　powers　encouraging　only　the　maddest　enthusiast；　or　the　basest　of　the　people；　whom　they　looked　upon　as　the　fittest　instruments　to　support　their　tyranny；　some　ingenious　gentlemen；　who　had　applied　themselves　chiefly　to　their　studies；　and　abhorred　the　usurpation；　proposed　the　erecting　a　society　for　the　improvement　of　natural　knowledge；　which　might　be　an　innocent　and　inoffensive　exercise　to　themselves　in　those　troublesome　times；　and　of　lasting　benefit　to　the　nation。　　Their　first　meeting；　it　is　said；　were　at　the　chambers　of　Mr。　Wilkins　（afterwards　Bishop　of　Chester）　in　Wadham　College；　in　Oxford；　about　the　year　1650；　and　the　members　consisted　of　the　Honourable　Robert　Boyle；　Esq。；　Dr。　Ward　（afterwards　Bishop　of　Salisbury）；　Sir　Christopher　Wren；　Sir　William　Petty；　Dr。　Wallis；　Dr。　Goddard；　and　Dr。　Hook　（late　Professor　of　Geometry）；　the　above…named　Bishop　Wilkins；　and　others。　　In　the　year　1658　we　find　them　assembling　in　Gresham　College；　in　London；　when　were　added　to　their　number　the　Lord　Brounker　（their　first　president）；　Sir　Robert　Murray；　John　Evelyng；　Esq。；　Sir　George　Ent；　Dr。　Croon；　Henry　Shingsby；　Esq。；　and　many　others。　　And　after　the　Restoration；　his　Majesty　King　Charles　II。　appeared　so　well　pleased　with　the　design；　that　he　granted　them　a　charter　of　incorporation；　bearing　date　the　22nd　of　April；　15　Charles　II。；　anno　1663；　wherein　he　styled　himself　their　founder；　patron；　and　companion；　and　the　society　was　from　thenceforward　to　consist　of　a　president；　a　council　of　twenty；　and　as　many　fellows　as　should　be　thought　worthy　of　admission；　with　a　treasurer；　secretary；　curators；　and　other　officers。

When　a　gentleman　desires　to　be　admitted　to　the　society；　he　procures　one　of　the　Corporation　to　recommend　him　as　a　person　duly　qualified；　whereupon　his　name　is　entered　in　a　book；　and　proper　inquiries　made　concerning　his　merit　and　abilities；　and　if　the　gentleman　is　approved　of；　he　appears　in　some　following　assembly；　and　subscribes　a　paper；　wherein　he　promises　that　he　will　endeavour　to　promote　the　welfare　of　the　society：　　and　the　president　formally　admits　him　by　saying；　〃I　do；　by　the　authority　and　in　the　name　of　the　Royal　Society　of　London　for　improving　of　natural　knowledge；　admit　you　a　member　thereof。〃　Whereupon　the　new　fellow　pays　forty　shillings　to　the　treasurer；　and　two…and…fifty　shillings　per　annum　afterwards　by　quarterly　payments；　towards　the　charges　of　the　experiments；　the　salaries　of　the　officers　of　the　house；　&c。

Behind　the　house　they　have　a　repository；　containing　a　collection　of　the　productions　of　nature　and　art。　　They　have　also　a　well…chosen　library；　consisting　of　many　thousand　volumes；　most　of　them　relating　to　natural　philosophy；　and　they　publish　from　time　to　time　the　experiments　made　by　them；　of　which　there　are　a　great　number　of　volumes；　called　〃Philosophical　Transactions。〃

The　Hospital　of　St。　Bartholomew；　on　the　south　side　of　Smithfield；　is　contiguous　to　the　church　of　Little　St。　Bartholomew。　　It　was　at　first　governed　by　a　master；　eight　brethren；　and　four　sisters；　who　had　the　care　of　the　sick　and　infirm　that　were　brought　thither。　　King　Henry　VIII。　endowed　it　with　a　yearly　revenue　of　five　hundred　more　yearly　for　the　relief　of　one　hundred　infirm　people。　　And　since　that　time　the　hospital　is　so　increased　and　enlarged；　by　the　benefactions　given　to　it；　that　it　receives　infirm　people　at　present　from　all　parts　of　England。　　In　the　year　1702　a　beautiful　frontispiece　was　erected　towards　Smithfield；　adorned　with　pilasters；　entablature；　and　pediment　of　the　Ionic　order；　with　the　figure　of　the　founder；　King　Henry　VIII。；　in　a　niche；　standing　in　full　proportion；　and　the　figures　of　two　cripples　on　the　pediment：　　but　the　most　considerable　improvements　to　the　building　were　made　in　the　year　1731；　of　the　old　buildings　being　pulled　down；　and　a　magnificent　pile　erected　in　the　room　of　them　about　150　feet　in　length；　faced　with　a　pure　white　stone；　besides　other　additions　now　building。

There　are　two　houses　belonging　to　this　hospital；　the　one　in　Kent　Street；　called　the　Lock；　and　the　other　at　Kingsland；　whither　such　unfortunate　people　as　are　afflicted　with　the　French　disease　are　sent　and　taken　care　of；　that　they　may　not　prove　offensive　to　the　rest；　for　surely　more　miserable　objects　never　were　beheld；　many　of　them　having　their　noses　and　great　part　of　their　faces　eaten　off；　and　become　so　noisome　frequently；　that　their　stench　cann