london in 1731-第14部分

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Frame…work　Knitters；　66。　*Silk　throwers；　67。　Carmen；　68。　*Pin…makers；　69。　Needle…makers；　70。　Gardeners；　71。　Soap…makers；　72。　Tin…plate　Workers；　73。　Wheelwrights；　74。　Distillers；　75。　Hatband…makers；　76。　Patten…makers；　77。　Glasssellers；　78。　Tobacco…pipe　makers；　79。　Coach　and　Coach…harness　makers；　80。　Gun…makers；　81。　Gold　and　Silver　Wire…Drawers；　82。　Long　Bow…string　makers；　83。　Card…makers；　84。　Fan…makers。

The　companies　marked　with　an　*　before　them　have　no　liverymen；　and　all　the　freemen　of　the　rest　are　not　upon　the　livery；　that　is；　entitled　to　wear　the　gowns　belonging　to　the　respective　companies；　and　vote　in　elections；　but　a　select　number　of　freemen　only。　　Every　company　is　a　distinct　corporation；　being　incorporated　by　grants　from　the　crown；　or　acts　of　parliament；　and　having　certain　rules；　liberties；　and　privileges；　for　the　better　support　and　government　of　their　several　trades　and　mysteries：　　many　of　them　are　endowed　with　lands　to　a　great　value；　and　have　their　masters；　wardens；　assistants；　clerks；　and　other　officers；　to　direct　and　regulate　their　affairs；　and　to　restrain　and　punish　abuses　incident　to　their　several　trades；　and　when　any　disputes　arise　concerning　the　due　execution　of　these　charters；　the　Lord　Mayor　has　a　supreme　power　to　determine　the　case　and　to　punish　the　offenders。

The　military　government　of　the　City　of　London　is　lodged　in　the　lieutenancy；　consisting　of　the　Lord　Mayor；　aldermen；　and　other　principal　citizens；　who　receive　their　authority　from　his　majesty's　commission；　which　he　revokes　and　alters　as　often　as　he　sees　fit。　These　have　under　their　command　six　regiments　of　foot；　viz。：…　1；　The　White；　2；　the　Orange；　3；　the　Yellow；　4；　the　Blue；　5；　the　Green；　and　6；　the　Red　Regimentin　every　one　of　which　are　eight　companies；　consisting　of　one　hundred　and　fifty　men　each；　in　all；　seven　thousand　two　hundred　men：　　besides　which　there　is　a　kind　of　independent　company；　called　the　artillery　company；　consisting　of　seven　or　eight　hundred　volunteers；　whose　skill　in　military　discipline　is　much　admired　by　their　fellow…citizens。　　These　exercise　frequently　in　the　artillery　ground；　engage　in　mock　fights　and　sieges；　and　storm　the　dunghills　with　great　address。

The　Tower　Hamlets；　it　has　been　observed　already；　are　commanded　by　the　lieutenant　of　the　Tower；　and　consist　of　two　regiments　of　foot；　eight　hundred　each：　　so　that　the　whole　militia　of　London；　exclusive　of　Westminster　and　Southwark；　amount　to　near　ten　thousand　men。

London；　like　other　cities　of　the　kingdom；　is；　or　ought　to　be；　governed　by　its　bishop　in　spirituals；　though　his　authority　is　very　little　regarded　at　present。　　The　justices　of　peace　at　their　sessions　may　empower　any　man　to　preach　and　administer　the　sacraments；　let　his　occupation　or　qualifications　be　never　so　mean；　nor　do　they　ever　refuse　it　to　a　person　who　is　able　to　raise　the　small　sum　of　　pence　being　less　a　great　deal　than　is　paid　for　licensing　a　common　alehouse。　　A　clergyman　indeed　cannot　be　entitled　to　a　benefice　without　being；　in　some　measure；　subject　to　his　diocesan；　but　he　may　throw　off　his　gown；　and　assemble　a　congregation　that　shall　be　much　more　beneficial　to　him；　and　propagate　what　doctrines　he　sees　fit　（as　is　evident　in　the　case　of　orator　Henley）：　　but　to　proceed。

The　diocese　of　London　is　in　the　province　of　Canterbury；　and　comprehends　the　counties　of　Middlesex　and　Essex；　and　part　of　Hertfordshire；　the　British　plantations　in　America　are　also　subject　to　this　bishop。　　To　the　cathedral　of　St。　Paul　belongs　a　dean；　three　residentiaries；　a　treasurer；　chancellor；　precentor；　and　thirty　prebendaries。　　The　Bishop　of　London　takes　place　next　to　the　Archbishops　of　Canterbury　and　York；　but　his　revenues　are　not　equal　to　those　of　Durham　or　Winchester。　　The　deanery　of　St。　Paul's　is　said　to　be　worth　a　thousand　pounds　per　annum；　and　each　of　the　residentiaries　about　three　hundred　pounds　per　annum。

The　parishes　within　the　walls　of　London　are　ninety…seven；　but　several　of　them　having　been　united　since　the　Fire；　there　are　at　present　but　sixty…two　parish　churches；　and　consequently　the　same　number　of　parish　priests：　　the　revenues　of　these　gentlemen　are　seldom　less　than　100　pounds　per　annum；　and　none　more　than　200　pounds　per　annum。　　They　appear　to　be　most　of　them　about　150　pounds　per　annum；　besides　their　several　parsonage　houses　and　surplice　fees；　and　most　of　them　have　lectureships　in　town；　or　livings　in　the　country；　or　some　other　spiritual　preferment　of　equal　value。

The　city　of　Westminster；　the　western　part　of　the　town；　comes　next　under　consideration　which　received　its　name　from　the　abbey　or　minster　situated　to　the　westward　of　London。　　This　city；　if　we　comprehend　the　district　or　liberties　belonging　to　it；　lies　along　the　banks　of　the　Thames　in　the　form　of　a　bow　or　crescent；　extending　from　Temple　Bar　in　the　east　to　Millbank　in　the　south…west；　the　inside　of　this　bow　being　about　a　mile　and　a　half　in　length；　and　the　outside　two　miles　and　a　half　at　least；　the　breadth；　one　place　with　another；　from　the　Thames　to　the　fields　on　the　north…west　side　of　the　town；　about　a　mile；　and　I　am　apt　to　think　a　square　of　two　miles　in　length　and　one　in　breadth　would　contain　all　the　buildings　within　the　liberty　of　Westminster。　　That　part　of　the　town　which　is　properly　called　the　city　of　Westminster　contains　no　more　than　St。　Margaret's　and　St。　John's　parishes；　which　form　a　triangle；　one　side　whereof　extends　from　Whitehall　to　Peterborough　House　on　Millbank；　another　side　reaches　from　Peterborough　House　to　Stafford　House；　or　Tart　Hall；　at　the　west　end　of　the　park；　and　the　third　side　extends　from　Stafford　house　to　Whitehall；　the　circumference　of　the　whole　being　about　two　miles。　　This　spot　of　ground；　it　is　said；　was　anciently　an　island；　a　branch　of　the　Thames　running　through　the　park　from　west　to　east；　and　falling　into　the　main　river　again　about　Whitehall；　which　island　was　originally　called　Thorney　Island；　from　the　woods　and　bushes　that　covered　it；　the　abbey　or　minster　also　was　at　first　called　Thorney　Abbey　or　minster；　from　the　island　on　which　it　stood。

St。　James's　Park　is　something　more　than　a　mile　in　circumference；　and　the　form　pretty　near　oval；　about　the　middle　of　it　runs　a　canal　2；800　feet　in　length　and　100　in　breadth；　and　near　it　are　several　other　waters；　which　form　an　island　that　has　good　cover　for　the　breeding　and　harbouring　wild　ducks　and　other　water…fowl；　on　the　island　also　is　a　pretty　house　and　garden；　scarce　visible　to　the　company　in　the　park。　　On　the　north　side　are　several　fine　walks　of　elms　and　limes　half　a　mile　in　length；　of　which　the　Mall　is　one。　　The　palace　of　St。　James's；　Marlborough　House；　and　the　fine　buildings　in　the　street　called　Pall　Mall；　adorn　this　side　of　the　park。　　At　the　east　end　is　a　view　of　the　Admiralty；　a　magnificent　edifice；　lately　built　with　brick　and　stone；　the　Horse　Guards；　the　Banqueting　House；　the　most　elegant　fabric　in　the　kingdom；　with　the　Treasury　and　the　fine　buildings　about　the　Cockpit；　and　between　these　and　the　end　of　the　grand　canal　is　a　spacious　parade；　where　the　horse　and　foot　guards　rendezvous　every　morning　before　they　mount　their　respective　guards。

On　the　south　side　of　the　park　run　shady　walks　of　trees　from　east　to　west；　parallel　almost　to　the　canal；　and　walks　on　the　north；　adjoining　to　which　are　the　sumptuous　houses　in　Queen　Street；　Queen　Square；　&c。；　inhabited　by　people　of　quality：　　and　the　west　end　of　the　park　is　adorned　with　the　Duke　of　Buckingham's　beautiful　seat。　But　what　renders　St。　James's　Park　one　of　the　most　delightful　scenes　in　Nature　is　the　variety　of　living　objects　which　is　met　with　here；　for　besides　the　deer　and　wild　fowl；　common　to　other　parks；　besides　the　water；　fine　walks；　and　the　elegant　buildings　that　surround　it；　hither　the　politest　part　of　the　British　nation　of　both　sexes　frequently　resort　in　the　spring　to　take　the　benefit　of　the　evening　air；　and　enjoy　the　most　agreeable　conversation　imaginable；　and　those　who　have　a　taste　for　martial　music；　and　the　shining　equipage　of　the　soldiery；　will　find　their　eyes　and　ears　agreeably　entertained　by　the　horse　and　foot　guards　every　morning。

The　Sanctuary；　or　the　abbey…yard；　is　a　large　open　square；　between　King　Street　and　the　Gate…house；　north…west　of　the　abbey；　and　was　called　the　Sanctuary；　because　any　person　who　came　within　these　limits　was　entitled　to　the　privilege　of　sanctuarythat　is；　he　was　not　liable　to　be　apprehended　by　any　officers　of　justice。

This　privilege；　it　is　said；　was　first　granted　to　the　abbey　by　Sebert；　king　of　the　East　Saxons；　increased　by　King　Edgar；　and　confirmed　by　Edward　the　Confessor；　by　the　following　charter：…

〃Edward；　by　the　grace　of　God；　king　of　Englishmen；　I　make　it　to　be　known　to　all　generations　of　the　world　after　me；　that；　by　special　commandment　of　our　holy　father　Pope　Leo；　I　have　renewed　and　honoured　the　holy　church　of　the　blessed　apostle　St。　Peter　of　Westminster；　and　I　order　and　establish　for　ever；　that　what　person；　of　what　condition　or　estate　soever　he　be；　from　whencesoever　he　come；　or　for　what　offence　or　cause　it　be；　either　for　his　refuge　in　the　said　holy　place；　he　is　assured　of　his　life；　liberty；　and　limbs：　　and　over　this；　I　forbid；　under　pain　of　everlasting　damnation；　that　no　minister　of　mine；　or　any　of　my　successors；　intermeddle　with　any　of　the　goods；　lands；　and　possessions　of　the　said　persons　taking　the　said　sanctuary：　　for　I　have　taken　their　goods　and　livelode　into　my　special　protection。　　And　therefore　I　grant　to　every；　each　of　them；　in　as　much　as　my　terrestrial　power　may　suffice；　all　manner　of　freedom　of　joyous　liberty。　　And　whosoever　presumes；　or　doth　contrary　to　this　my　grant；　I　will　he　lose　his　name；　worship；　dignity；　and　power；　and　that　with　the　great　traitor　Judas　that　betrayed　our　Saviour；　he　be　in　the　everlasting　fire　of　hell。　　And　I　will　and　ordain；　that　this　my　grant　endure　as　long　as　there　remaineth　in　England　either　love　or　dread　of　Christian　name。〃

This　privilege　of　sanctuary；　as　far　as　it　related　to　traitors；　murderers；　and　felons；　was　in　a　great　measure　abolished　by　a　statute　of　the　32nd　Henry　VIII。：　　and　in　the　beginning　of　the　reign　of　Queen　Elizabeth；　every　debtor　who　fled　to　sanctuary；　to　shelter　himself　from　his　creditors；　was　obliged　to　take　an　oath　of　the　following　tenor；　viz。：…　That　he　did　not　claim　the　privilege　of　sanctuary　to　defraud　any　one　of　his　goods；　debts；　or　money；　but　only　for　the　secu