london in 1731-第23部分

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Seas。　　They　export　some　woollen　goods　and　haberdashery　wares；　knives；　hatchets；　arms；　and　other　hardware；　and　in　return　bring　back　chiefly　beaver…skins；　and　other　skins　and　furs。

The　last；　and　once　the　most　considerable　of　all　the　trading　companies；　is　that　of　the　South　Sea；　established　by　Act　of　Parliament　in　the　ninth　year　of　the　late　Queen　Anne；　but；　what　by　reason　of　the　mismanagement　of　its　directors　in　1720；　the　miscarriage　of　their　whale…fishery；　and　the　intrigues　of　the　Spaniards；　their　credit　is　sunk；　and　their　trade　has　much　decreased。

I　proceed；　in　the　next　place；　to　inquire　what　countries　the　merchants　of　London　trade　to　separately；　not　being　incorporated　or　subject　to　the　control　of　any　company。

Among　which　is　the　trade　to　Italy；　whither　are　exported　broad…cloth；　long…ells；　baize；　druggets；　callimancoes；　camlets；　and　divers　other　stuffs；　leather；　tin；　lead；　great　quantities　of　fish；　as　pilchards；　herrings；　salmon；　Newfoundland　cod；　&c。；　pepper；　and　other　East　India　goods。

The　commodities　England　takes　from　them　are　raw；　thrown；　and　wrought　silk；　wine；　oil；　soap；　olives；　some　dyer's　wares；　anchovies；　&c。

To　Spain　the　merchants　export　broad…cloth；　druggets；　callimancoes；　baize；　stuff　of　divers　kinds；　leather；　fish；　tin；　lead；　corn；　&c。

The　commodities　England　takes　from　them　are　wine；　oil；　fruit　of　divers　kinds；　wool；　indigo；　cochineal；　and　dyeing　stuffs。

To　Portugal　also　are　exported　broad…cloth；　druggets；　baize；　long…　ells；　callimancoes；　and　all　other　sorts　of　stuffs；　as　well　as　tin；　lead；　leather；　fish；　corn；　and　other　English　commodities。

England　takes　from　them　great　quantities　of　wine；　oil；　salt；　and　fruit；　and　gold；　both　in　bullion　and　specie；　though　it　is　forfeited；　if　seized　in　the　ports　of　Portugal。

The　French　take　very　little　from　England　in　a　fair　way；　dealing　chiefly　with　owlers；　or　those　that　clandestinely　export　wool　and　fuller's…earth；　&c。　　They　indeed　buy　some　of　our　tobacco；　sugar；　tin；　lead；　coals；　a　few　stuffs；　serges；　flannels；　and　a　small　matter　of　broad…cloth。

England　takes　from　France　wine；　brandy；　linen；　lace；　fine　cambrics；　and　cambric　lawns；　to　a　prodigious　value；　brocades；　velvets；　and　many　other　rich　silk　manufactures；　which　are　either　run；　or　come　by　way　of　Holland；　the　humour　of　some　of　the　nobility　and　gentry　being　such；　that　although　they　have　those　manufactures　made　as　good　at　home；　if　not　better　than　abroad；　yet　they　are　forced　to　be　called　by　the　name　of　French　to　make　them　sell。　　Their　linens　are　run　in　very　great　quantities；　as　are　their　wine　and　brandy；　from　the　Land's　End　even　to　the　Downs。

To　Flanders　are　exported　serges；　a　few　flannels；　a　very　few　stuffs；　sugar；　tobacco；　tin；　and　lead。

England　takes　from　them　fine　lace；　fine　cambrics；　and　cambric…lawns；　Flanders　whited　linens；　threads；　tapes；　incles；　and　divers　other　commodities；　to　a　very　great　value。

To　Holland　the　merchants　export　broad…cloth；　druggets；　long…ells；　stuffs　of　a　great　many　sorts；　leather；　corn；　coals；　and　something　of　almost　every　kind　that　this　kingdom　produces；　besides　all　sorts　of　India　and　Turkey　re…exported　goods；　sugars；　tobacco；　rice；　ginger；　pitch　and　tar；　and　sundry　other　commodities　of　the　produce　of　our　American　plantations。

England　takes　from　Holland　great　quantities　of　fine　Holland　linen；　threads；　tapes；　and　incles；　whale　fins；　brass　battery；　madder；　argol；　with　a　large　number　of　other　commodities　and　toys；　clapboard；　wainscot；　&c。

To　Ireland　are　exported　fine　broad…cloth；　rich　silks；　ribbons；　gold　and　silver　lace；　manufactured　iron　and　cutlery　wares；　pewter；　great　quantities　of　hops；　coals；　dyeing　wares；　tobacco；　sugar；　East　India　goods；　raw　silk；　hollands；　and　almost　everything　they　use；　but　linens；　coarse　woollens；　and　eatables。

England　takes　from　Ireland　woollen　yarn；　linen　yarn；　great　quantities　of　wool　in　the　fleece；　and　some　tallow。

They　have　an　extraordinary　trade　for　their　hides；　tallow；　beef；　butter；　&c。；　to　Holland；　Flanders；　France；　Portugal；　and　Spain；　which　enables　them　to　make　large　remittances。

To　the　sugar　plantations　are　exported　all　sorts　of　clothing；　both　linen；　silks；　and　woollen；　wrought　iron；　brass；　copper；　all　sorts　of　household　furniture；　and　a　great　part　of　their　food。

They　return　sugar；　ginger；　and　several　commodities；　and　all　the　bullion　and　gold　they　can　meet　with；　but　rarely　carry　out　any。

To　the　tobacco　plantations　are　exported　clothing；　household　goods；　iron　manufactures　of　all　sorts；　saddles；　bridles；　brass　and　copper　wares；　and　notwithstanding　they　dwell　among　the　woods；　they　take　their　very　turnery　wares；　and　almost　everything　else　that　may　be　called　the　manufacture　of　England。

England　takes　from　them　not　only　what　tobacco　is　consumed　at　home；　but　very　great　quantities　for　re…exportation。

To　Carolina　are　exported　the　same　commodities　as　to　the　tobacco　plantations。　　This　country　lying　between　the　32nd　and　36th　degrees　of　northern　latitude；　the　soil　is　generally　fertile。　　The　rice　it　produces　is　said　to　be　the　best　in　the　world；　and　no　country　affords　better　silk　than　has　been　brought　from　thence；　though　for　want　of　sufficient　encouragement　the　quantity　imported　is　very　small。　　It　is　said　both　bohea　and　green　tea　have　been　raised　there；　extraordinary　good　of　the　kind。　　The　olive…tree　grows　wild；　and　thrives　very　well；　and　might　soon　be　improved　so　far　as　to　supply　us　with　large　quantities　of　oil。　　It　is　said　the　fly　from　whence　the　cochineal　is　made　is　found　very　common；　and　if　care　was　taken　very　great　quantities　might　be　made。　　The　indigo　plant　grows　exceedingly　well。　The　country　has　plenty　of　iron　mines　in　it；　and　would　produce　excellent　hemp　and　flax；　if　encouragement　was　given　for　raising　it。

To　Pennsylvania　are　exported　broad…cloth；　kerseys；　druggets；　serges；　and　manufactures　of　all　kinds。

To　New　England　are　exported　all　sorts　of　woollen　manufactures；　linen；　sail…cloth　and　cordage　for　rigging　their　ships；　haberdashery；　&c。　　They　carry　lumber　and　provisions　to　the　sugar　plantations；　and　exchange　provisions　for　logwood　with　the　logwood…cutters　at　Campeachy。　　They　send　pipe　and　barrel…staves　and　fish　to　Spain；　Portugal；　and　the　Straits。　　They　send　pitch；　tar；　and　turpentine　to　England；　with　some　skins。

Having　considered　the　trading　companies；　and　other　branches　of　foreign　trade；　I　shall　now　inquire　into　the　establishment　of　the　Bank　of　England。

The　governor　and　company　of　the　Bank　of　England；　&c。；　are　enjoined　not　to　trade；　or　suffer　any　person　in　trust　for　them　to　trade；　with　any　of　the　stock；　moneys　or　effects；　in　the　buying　or　selling　of　any　merchandise　or　goods　whatsoever；　on　pain　of　forfeiting　the　treble　value。　　Yet　they　may　deal　in　bills　of　exchange；　and　in　buying　and　selling　of　bullion；　gold　or　silver；　or　in　selling　goods　mortgaged　to　them；　and　not　redeemed　at　the　time　agreed　on；　or　within　three　months　after；　or　such　goods　as　should　be　the　produce　of　lands　purchased　by　the　corporation。　　All　bills　obligatory　and　of　credit　under　the　seal　of　the　corporation　made　to　any　person；　may　by　endorsement　be　assigned；　and　such　assignment　shall　transfer　the　property　to　the　moneys　due　upon　the　same；　and　the　assignee　may　sue　in　his　own　name。


There　is　at　present　due　to　this　Bank　from　the　Government　on　the　original　fund　at　6　pounds　per　cent。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1；600；000　（pounds）　For　cancelling　of　Exchequer　bills；　3　George　I　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1；500；000　Purchased　of　the　South　Sea　Company　　　　　　　4；000；000　Annuities　at　4　pounds　per　cent。　charged　on　the　duty　on　coals　since　Lady　Day；　1719。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1；750；000　Ditto；　charged　on　the　surplus　of　the　funds　for　the　lottery　of　1714　　　　　　　　1；250；000　Total　due　to　the　Bank　of　England　　　　　　　　10；100；000　（pounds）


Give　me　leave　to　observe　here；　that　most　of　the　foreign　trade　of　this　town　is　transacted　by　brokers；　of　which　there　are　three　sorts；　viz。；　1st；　Exchange…brokers；　2ndly；　brokers　for　goods　and

merchandise；　and　3rdly；　ship…brokers。

The　exchange…brokers；　who　are　versed　in　the　course　of　exchange；　furnish　the　merchant　with　money　or　bills；　as　he　has　occasion　for　either。

The　broker　of　goods　lets　the　merchant　know　where　he　may　furnish　himself　with　them；　and　the　settled　price；　or　if　he　wants　to　sell；　where　he　may　meet　with　a　chapman　for　his　effects。

The　ship…broker　finds　ships　for　the　merchant；　when　he　wants　to　send　his　goods　abroad；　or　goods　for　captains　and　masters　of　vessels　to　freight　their　ships　with。

If　it　be　demanded　what　share　of　foreign　trade　London　hath　with　respect　to　the　rest　of　the　kingdom；　it　seems　to　have　a　fourth　part　of　the　whole；　at　least　if　we　may　judge　by　the　produce　of　the　customs；　which　are　as　three　to　twelve；　or　thereabouts。

As　to　the　manufactures　carried　on　in　the　City　of　London；　here　mechanics　have　acquired　a　great　deal　of　reputation　in　the　world；　and　in　many　things　not　without　reason；　for　they　excel　in　clock　and　cabinet…work；　in　making　saddles；　and　all　sorts　of　tools；　and　other　things。　　The　door　and　gun　locks；　and　fire…arms；　are　nowhere　to　be　paralleled；　the　silk　manufacture　is　equal　to　that　of　France；　or　any　other　country；　and　is　prodigiously　enlarged　of　late　years。　　Dyers　also　are　very　numerous　in　and　about　London；　and　are　not　exceeded　by　any　foreigners　in　the　beauty　or　durableness　of　their　colours：　　and　those　that　print　and　stain　cottons　and　linens　have　brought　that　art　to　great　perfection。　　Printers　of　books；　also；　may　equal　those　abroad；　but　the　best　paper　is　imported　from　other　countries。

The　manufacture　of　glass　here　is　equal　to　that　of　Venice；　or　any　other　country　in　Europe；　whether　we　regard　the　coach　or　looking…　glasses；　perspective；　drinking…glasses；　or　any　other　kind　of　glass；　whatever。　　The　making　of　pins　and　needles　is　another　great　manufacture　in　this　town；　as　is　that　of　wire…drawings　of　silver；　gold；　and　other　metals。　　The　goldsmiths　and　silversmiths　excel　in　their　way。　　The　pewterers　and　brasiers　furnish　all　manner　of　vessels　and　implements　for　the　kitchen；　which　are　as　neatly　and　substantially　made　and　furnished　here　as　in　any　country　in　Europe。　The　trades　of　hat…making　and　shoe…making　employ　multitudes　of　mechanics；　and　the　tailors　are　equally　numerous。　　The　cabinet；　screen；　and　chair…makers　contribute　also　considerably　to　the　adorning　and　furnishing　the　dwelling…house。　　The　common　sm