lysander-第1部分

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　LYSANDER
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　445？…395　B。C。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　Plutarch

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　translated　by　John　Dryden




　　THE　treasure…chamber　of　the　Acanthians　at　Delphi　has　this
inscription：　〃The　spoils　which　Brasidas　and　the　Acanthians　took　from
the　Athenians。〃　And；　accordingly；　many　take　the　marble　statue；　which
stands　within　the　building　by　the　gates；　to　be　Brasidas's；　but；
indeed；　it　is　Lysander's；　representing　him　with　his　hair　at　full
length；　after　the　old　fashion；　and　with　an　ample　beard。　Neither　is
it　true；　as　some　give　out；　that　because　the　Argives；　after　their　great
defeat；　shaved　themselves　for　sorrow；　that　the　Spartans　contrariwise
triumphing　in　their　achievements；　suffered　their　hair　to　grow；　neither
did　the　Spartans　come　to　be　ambitious　of　wearing　long　hair；　because
the　Bacchiadae；　who　fled　from　Corinth　to　Lacedaemon；　looked　mean　and
unsightly；　having　their　heads　all　close　cut。　But　this；　also；　is　indeed
one　of　the　ordinances　of　Lycurgus；　who；　as　it　is　reported；　was　used　to
say；　that　long　hair　made　good…looking　men　more　beautiful；　and
ill…looking　men　more　terrible。
　　Lysander's　father　is　said　to　have　been　Aristoclitus；　who　was　not
indeed　of　the　royal　family　but　yet　of　the　stock　of　the　Heraclidae。
He　was　brought　up　in　poverty；　and　showed　himself　obedient　and
conformable；　as　ever　any　one　did；　to　the　customs　of　his　country；　of
a　manly　spirit；　also；　and　superior　to　all　pleasures；　excepting　only
that　which　their　good　actions　bring　to　those　who　are　honoured　and
successful；　and　it　is　accounted　no　base　thing　in　Sparta　for　their
young　men　to　be　overcome　with　this　kind　of　pleasure。　For　they　are
desirous；　from　the　very　first；　to　have　their　youth　susceptible　to　good
and　bad　repute；　to　feel　pain　at　disgrace；　and　exultation　at　being
commended；　and　any　one　who　is　insensible　and　unaffected　in　these
respects　is　thought　poor…spirited　and　of　no　capacity　for　virtue。
Ambition　and　the　passion　for　distinction　were　thus　implanted　in　his
character　by　his　Laconian　education；　nor；　if　they　continued　there；
must　we　blame　his　natural　disposition　much　for　this。　But　he　was
submissive　to　great　men；　beyond　what　seems　agreeable　to　the　Spartan
temper；　and　could　easily　bear　the　haughtiness　of　those　who　were　in
power；　when　it　was　any　way　for　his　advantage；　which　some　are　of
opinion　is　no　small　part　of　political　discretion。　Aristotle；　who
says　all　great　characters　are　more　or　less　atrabilious；　as　Socrates
and　Plato　and　Hercules　were；　writes　that　Lysander；　not　indeed　early　in
life；　but　when　he　was　old；　became　thus　affected。　What　is　singular　in
his　character　is　that　he　endured　poverty　very　well　and　that　he　was　not
at　all　enslaved　or　corrupted　by　wealth；　and　yet　he　filled　his
country　with　riches　and　the　love　of　them；　and　took　away　from　them
the　glory　of　not　admiring　money；　importing　amongst　them　an　abundance
of　gold　and　silver　after　the　Athenian　war；　though　keeping　not　one
drachma　for　himself。　When　Dionysius；　the　tyrant；　sent　his　daughters
some　costly　gowns　of　Sicilian　manufacture；　he　would　not　receive
them；　saying　he　was　afraid　they　would　make　them　look　more
unhandsome。　But　a　while　after；　being　sent　ambassador　from　the　same
city　to　the　same　tyrant；　when　he　had　sent　him　a　couple　of　robes；　and
bade　him　choose　which　of　them　he　would；　and　carry　to　his　daughter：
〃She；〃　said　he；　〃will　be　able　to　choose　best　for　herself；〃　and
taking　both　of　them；　went　his　way。
　　The　Peloponnesian　war　having　now　been　carried　on　a　long　time；　and　it
being　expected；　after　the　disaster　of　the　Athenians　in　Sicily；　that
they　would　at　once　lose　the　mastery　of　the　sea；　and　ere　long　be　routed
everywhere；　Alcibiades；　returning　from　banishment；　and　taking　the
command；　produced　a　great　change；　and　made　the　Athenians　again　a　match
for　their　opponents　by　sea；　and　the　Lacedaemonians；　in　great　alarm
at　this；　and　calling　up　fresh　courage　and　zeal　for　the　conflict；
feeling　the　want　of　an　able　commander　and　of　a　powerful　armament；　sent
out　Lysander　to　be　admiral　of　the　seas。　Being　at　Ephesus；　and
finding　the　city　well　affected　towards　him；　and　favourable　to　the
Lacedaemonian　party；　but　in　ill　condition；　and　in　danger　to　become
barbarized　by　adopting　the　manners　of　the　Persians；　who　were　much
mingled　among　them；　the　country　of　Lydia　bordering　upon　them；　and
the　king's　generals　being　quartered　there　for　a　long　time；　he
pitched　his　camp　there；　and　commanded　the　merchant　ships　all　about
to　put　in　thither；　and　proceeded　to　build　ships　of　war　there；　and　thus
restored　their　ports　by　the　traffic　he　created；　and　their　market　by
the　employment　he　gave；　and　filled　their　private　houses　and　their
workshops　with　wealth；　so　that　from　that　time　the　city　began；　first　of
all；　by　Lysander's　means；　to　have　some　hopes　of　growing　to　that
stateliness　and　grandeur　which　now　it　is　at。
　　Understanding　that　Cyrus；　the　king's　son；　was　come　to　Sardis；　he
went　up　to　talk　with　him；　and　to　accuse　Tisaphernes；　who；　receiving
a　command　to　help　the　Lacedaemonians；　and　to　drive　the　Athenians
from　the　sea；　was　thought；　on　account　of　Alcibiades；　to　have　become
remiss　and　unwilling；　and　by　paying　the　seamen　slenderly　to　be　ruining
the　fleet。　Now　Cyrus　was　willing　that　Tisaphernes　might　be　found　in
blame；　and　be　ill　reported　of；　as　being；　indeed；　a　dishonest　man；
and　privately　at　feud　with　himself。　By　these　means；　and　by　their　daily
intercourse　together；　Lysander；　especially　by　the　submissiveness　of
his　conversation；　won　the　affection　of　the　young　prince；　and　greatly
roused　him　to　carry　on　and　when　he　would　depart；　Cyrus　gave　him　a
banquet；　and　desired　him　not　to　refuse　his　goodwill；　but　to　speak
and　ask　whatever　he　had　a　mind　to；　and　that　he　should　not　be　refused
anything　whatsoever：　〃Since　you　are　so　very　kind；〃　replied　Lysander；
〃I　earnestly　request　you　to　add　one　penny　to　the　seamen's　pay；　that
instead　of　three　pence；　they　may　now　receive　four　pence。〃　Cyrus；
delighted　with　his　public　spirit；　gave　him　ten　thousand　darics；　out　of
which　he　added　the　penny　to　the　seamen's　pay；　and　by　the　renown　of
this　in　a　short　time　emptied　the　ships　of　the　enemies；　as　many　would
come　over　to　that　side　which　gave　the　most　pay；　and　those　who
remained；　being　disheartened　and　mutinous；　daily　created　trouble　to
the　captains。　Yet　for　all　Lysander　had　so　distracted　and　weakened
his　enemies；　he　was　afraid　to　engage　by　sea；　Alcibiades　being　an
energetic　commander；　and　having　the　superior　number　of　ships；　and
having　been　hitherto；　in　all　battles；　unconquered　both　by　sea　and
land。
　　But　afterwards；　when　Alcibiades　sailed　from　Samos　to　Phocaea；
leaving　Antiochus；　the　pilot；　in　command　of　all　his　forces；　this
Antiochus；　to　insult　Lysander；　sailed　with　two　galleys　into　the　port
of　the　Ephesians；　and　with　mocking　and　laughter　proudly　rowed　along
before　the　place　where　the　ships　lay　drawn　up。　Lysander；　in
indignation；　launched　at　first　a　few　ships　only　and　pursued　him；　but
as　soon　as　he　saw　the　Athenians　come　to　his　help；　he　added　some
other　ships；　and；　at　last；　they　fell　to　a　set　battle　together；　and
Lysander　won　the　victory；　and　taking　fifteen　of　their　ships；　erected　a
trophy。　For　this；　the　people　in　the　city　being　angry；　put　Alcibiades
out　of　command；　and　finding　himself　despised　by　the　soldiers　in　Samos；
and　ill　spoken　of；　he　sailed　from　the　army　into　the　Chersonese。　And
this　battle；　although　not　important　in　itself；　was　made　remarkable
by　its　consequences　to　Alcibiades。
　　Lysander；　meanwhile；　invited　to　Ephesus　such　persons　in　the
various　cities　as　he　saw　to　be　bolder　and　haughtier…spirited　than
the　rest；　proceeded　to　lay　the　foundations　of　that　government　by
bodies　of　ten；　and　those　revolutions　which　afterwards　came　to　pass；
stirring　up　and　urging　them　to　unite　in　clubs　and　apply　themselves
to　public　affairs；　since　as　soon　as　ever　the　Athenians　should　be　put
down；　the　popular　government；　he　said；　should　be　suppressed　and　they
should　become　supreme　in　their　several　countries。　And　he　made　them
believe　these　things　by　present　deeds；　promoting　those　who　were　his
friends　already　to　great　employments；　honours；　and　offices；　and；　to
gratify　their　covetousness；　making　himself　a　partner　in　injustice
and　wickedness。　So　much　so；　that　all　flocked　to　him；　and　courted　and
desired　him；　hoping；　if　be　remained　in　power；　that　the　highest
wishes　they　could　form　would　all　be　gratified。　And　therefore；　from　the
very　beginning；　they　could　not　look　pleasantly　upon　Callicratidas；
when　he　came　to　succeed　Lysander　as　admiral；　nor；　afterwards；　when
he　had　given　them　experience　that　he　was　a　most　noble　and　just　person；
were　they　pleased　with　the　manner　of　his　government；　and　its
straightforward；　Dorian；　honest　character。　They　did；　indeed；　admire
his　virtue；　as　they　might　the　beauty　of　some　hero's　image；　but　their
wishes　were　for　Lysander's　zealous　and　profitable　support　of　the
interests　of　his　friends　and　partisans；　and　they　shed　tears；　and
were　much　disheartened　when　he　sailed　from　them。　He　himself　made
them　yet　more　disaffected　to　Callicratidas；　for　what　remained　of　the
money　which　had　been　given　him　to　pay　the　navy；　he　sent　back　again
to　Sardis；　bidding　them；　if　they　would；　apply　to　Callicratidas
himself；　and　see　how　he　was　able　to　maintain　the　soldiers。　And；　at　the
last；　sailing　away；　he　declared　to　him　that　he　delivered　up　the
fleet　in　possession　and　command　of　the　sea。　But　Callicratidas；　to
expose　the　emptiness　of　these　high　pretensions；　said；　〃In　that　case；
leave　Samos　on　the　left　hand；　and　sailing　to　Miletus；　there　deliver　up
the　ships　to　me；　for　if　we　are　masters　of　the　sea；　we　need　not　fear
sailing　by　our　enemies　in　Samos。〃　To　which　Lysander　answering；　that
not　himself　but　he　commanded　the　ships；　sailed　to　Peloponnesus；
leaving　Callicratidas　in　great　perplexity。　For　neither　had　he
brought　any　money　from　home　with　him；　nor　could　he　endure　to　tax　the
towns　or　force　them；　being　in　hardship　enough。　Therefore；　the　only
course　that　was　to　be　taken　was　to　go　and　beg　at　the　doors　of　the
king's　commanders；　as　Lysander　had　done；　for　which　he　was　most　unfit
of　any　man；　being　of　a　generous　and　great　spirit；　and　one　who
thought　it　more　becoming　for　the　Greeks　to　suffer　any