lysander-第4部分

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to　pull　down　the　city；　and　turn　the　country　into　sheep…pasture；　yet
afterwards；　when　there　was　a　meeting　of　the　captains　together；　a　man
of　Phocis；　singing　the　first　chorus　in　Euripides's　Electra；　which
begins…

　　　　　　　　　〃Electra；　Agamemnon's　child；　I　come
　　　　　　　　　　Unto　thy　desert　home；〃

they　were　all　melted　with　compassion；　and　it　seemed　to　be　a　cruel　deed
to　destroy　and　pull　down　a　city　which　had　been　so　famous；　and　produced
such　men。
　　Accordingly　Lysander；　the　Athenians　yielding　up　everything；　sent　for
a　number　of　flute…women　out　of　the　city；　and　collected　together　all
that　were　in　the　camp；　and　pulled　down　the　walls；　and　burnt　the
ships　to　the　sound　of　the　flute；　the　allies　being　crowned　with
garlands；　and　making　merry　together；　as　counting　that　day　the
beginning　of　their　liberty。　He　proceeded　also　at　once　to　alter　the
government；　placing　thirty　rulers　in　the　city　and　ten　in　the
Piraeus：　he　put；　also；　a　garrison　into　the　Acropolis；　and　made
Callibius；　a　Spartan；　the　governor　of　it；　who　afterwards　taking　up　his
staff　to　strike　Autolycus；　the　athlete；　about　whom　Xenophon　wrote
his　〃Banquet；〃　on　his　tripping　up　his　heels　and　throwing　him　to　the
ground；　Lysander　was　not　vexed　at　it；　but　chid　Callibius；　telling
him　he　did　not　know　how　to　govern　freemen。　The　thirty　rulers；　however；
to　gain　Callibius's　favour；　a　little　after　killed　Autolycus。
　　Lysander；　after　this；　sails　out　to　Thrace；　and　what　remained　of
the　public　money；　and　the　gifts　and　crowns　which　he　had　himself
received；　numbers　of　people；　as　might　be　expected；　being　anxious　to
make　presents　to　a　man　of　such　great　power；　who　was；　in　a　manner；
the　lord　of　Greece；　he　sends　to　Lacedaemon　by　Gylippus；　who　had
commanded　formerly　in　Sicily。　But　he；　it　is　reported；　unsewed　the
sacks　at　the　bottom；　took　a　considerable　amount　of　silver　out　of　every
one　of　them；　and　sewed　them　up　again；　not　knowing　there　was　a
writing　in　every　one　stating　how　much　there　was。　And　coming　into
Sparta；　what　he　had　thus　stolen　away　he　hid　under　the　tiles　of　his
house；　and　delivered　up　the　sacks　to　the　magistrates；　and　showed　the
seals　were　upon　them。　But　afterwards；　on　their　opening　the　sacks　and
counting　it；　the　quantity　of　the　silver　differed　from　what　the　writing
expressed；　and　the　matter　causing　some　perplexity　to　the
magistrates；　Gylippus's　servant　tells　them　in　a　riddle；　that　under　the
tiles　lay　many　owls；　for；　as　it　seems；　the　greatest　part　of　the
money　then　current　bore　the　Athenian　stamp　of　the　owl。　Gylippus　having
committed　so　foul　and　base　a　deed；　after　such　great　and
distinguished　exploits　before；　removed　himself　from　Lacedaemon。
　　But　the　wisest　of　the　Spartans；　very　much　on　account　of　this
occurrence；　dreading　the　influence　of　money；　as　being　what　had
corrupted　the　greatest　citizens；　exclaimed　against　Lysander's　conduct；
and　declared　to　the　Ephors　that　all　the　silver　and　gold　should　be　sent
away；　as　mere　〃alien　mischiefs。〃　These　consulted　about　it；　and
Theopompus　says　it　was　Sciraphidas；　but　Ephorus　that　it　was　Phlogidas；
who　declared　they　ought　not　to　receive　any　gold　or　silver　into　the
city；　but　to　use　their　own　country　coin；　which　was　iron；　and　was　first
of　all　dipped　in　vinegar　when　it　was　red…hot；　that　it　might　not　be
worked　up　anew；　but　because　of　the　dipping　might　be　hard　and
unpliable。　It　was　also；　of　course；　very　heavy　and　troublesome　to
carry；　and　a　great　deal　of　it　in　quantity　and　weight　was　but　a
little　in　value。　And　perhaps　all　the　old　money　was　so；　coin　consisting
of　iron；　or；　in　some　countries；　copper　skewers；　whence　it　comes　that
we　still　find　a　great　number　of　small　pieces　of　money　retain　the
name　of　obolus；　and　the　drachma　is　six　of　these；　because　so　much　may
be　grasped　in　one's　hand。　But　Lysander's　friends　being　against　it；　and
endeavouring　to　keep　the　money　in　the　city；　it　was　resolved　to　bring
in　this　sort　of　money　to　be　used　publicly；　enacting；　at　the　same　time；
that　if　any　one　was　found　in　possession　of　any　privately；　he　should　be
put　to　death；　as　if　Lycurgus　had　feared　the　coin；　and　not　the
covetousness　resulting　from　it；　which　they　did　not　repress　by
letting　no　private　man　keep　any；　so　much　as　they　encouraged　it；　by
allowing　the　state　to　possess　it；　attaching　thereby　a　sort　of
dignity　to　it；　over　and　above　its　ordinary　utility。　Neither　was　it
possible；　that　what　they　saw　so　much　esteemed　publicly　they　should
privately　despise　as　unprofitable；　and　that　every　one　should　think
that　thing　could　be　nothing　worth　for　his　own　personal　use；　which
was　so　extremely　valued　and　desired　for　the　use　of　the　state。　And
moral　habits；　induced　by　public　practices；　are　far　quicker　in　making
their　way　into　men's　private　lives；　than　the　failings　and　faults　of
individuals　are　in　infecting　the　city　at　large。　For　it　is　probable
that　the　parts　will　be　rather　corrupted　by　the　whole　if　that　grows
bad；　while　the　vices　which　flow　from　a　part　into　the　whole　find　many
correctives　and　remedies　from　that　which　remains　sound。　Terror　and　the
law　were　now　to　keep　guard　over　the　citizens'　houses；　to　prevent　any
money　entering　into　them：　but　their　minds　could　no　longer　be
expected　to　remain　superior　to　the　desire　of　it　when　wealth　in　general
was　thus　set　up　to　be　striven　after；　as　a　high　and　noble　object。　On
this　point；　however；　we　have　given　our　censure　of　the　Lacedaemonians
in　one　of　our　other　writings。
　　Lysander　erected　out　of　the　spoils　brazen　statues　at　Delphi　of
himself；　and　of　every　one　of　the　masters　of　the　ships；　as　also　figures
of　the　golden　stars　of　Castor　and　Pollux；　which　vanished　before　the
battle　at　Leuctra。　In　the　treasury　of　Brasidas　and　the　Acanthians
there　was　a　trireme　made　of　gold　and　ivory；　of　two　cubits；　which　Cyrus
sent　Lysander　in　honour　of　his　victory。　But　Alexandrides　of　Delphi
write's；　in　his　history；　that　there　was　also　a　deposit　of
Lysander's；　a　talent　of　silver；　and　fifty…two　minas；　besides　eleven
staters；　a　statement　not　consistent　with　the　generally　received
account　of　his　poverty。　And　at　that　time；　Lysander；　being　in　fact　of
greater　power　than　any　Greek　before；　was　yet　thought　to　show　a
pride；　and　to　affect　a　superiority　greater　even　than　his　power
warranted。　He　was　the　first；　as　Duris　says　in　his　history；　among　the
Greeks　to　whom　the　cities　reared　altars　as　to　a　god；　and　sacrificed；
to　him　were　songs　of　triumph　first　sung；　the　beginning　of　one　of　which
still　remains　recorded：…

　　　　　　　　　〃Great　Greece's　general　from　spacious　Sparta　we
　　　　　　　　　　Will　celebrate　with　songs　of　victory。〃

And　the　Samians　decreed　that　their　solemnities　of　Juno　should　be
called　the　Lysandria；　and　out　of　the　poets　he　had　Choerilus　always
with　him；　to　extol　his　achievements　in　verse；　and　to　Antilochus；　who
had　made　some　verses　in　his　commendation；　being　pleased　with　them；
he　gave　a　hat　full　of　silver；　and　when　Antimachus　of　Colophon；　and　one
Niceratus　of　Heraclea　competed　with　each　other　in　a　poem　on　the
deeds　of　Lysander；　he　gave　the　garland　to　Niceratus；　at　which
Antimachus；　in　vexation；　suppressed　his　poem；　but　Plato；　being　then
a　young　man　and　admiring　Antimachus　for　his　poetry；　consoled　him　for
his　defeat　by　telling　him　that　it　is　the　ignorant　who　are　the
sufferers　by　ignorance；　as　truly　as　the　blind　by　want　of　sight。
Afterwards；　when　Aristonus；　the　musician；　who　had　been　a　conqueror　six
times　at　the　Pythian　games；　told　him　as　a　piece　of　flattery；　that　if
he　were　successful　again；　he　would　proclaim　himself　in　the　name　of
Lysander；　〃that　is；〃　he　answered；〃　as　his　slave？〃
　　This　ambitious　temper　was　indeed　only　burdensome　to　the　highest
personages　and　to　his　equals；　but　through　having　so　many　people
devoted　to　serve　him；　an　extreme　haughtiness　and　contemptuousness　grew
up；　together　with　ambition；　in　his　character。　He　observed　no　sort　of
moderation；　such　as　befitted　a　private　man；　either　in　rewarding　or
in　punishing；　the　recompense　of　his　friends　and　guests　was　absolute
power　over　cities；　and　irresponsible　authority　and　the　only
satisfaction　of　his　wrath　was　the　destruction　of　his　enemy；　banishment
would　not　suffice。　As　for　example；　at　a　later　period；　fearing　lest　the
popular　leaders　of　the　Milesians　should　fly；　and　desiring　also　to
discover　those　who　lay　hid；　he　swore　he　would　do　them　no　harm；　and
on　their　believing　him　coming　forth；　he　delivered　them　up　to　the
oligarchical　leaders　to　be　slain；　being　in　all　no　less　than　eight
hundred。　And；　indeed；　the　slaughter　in　general　of　those　of　the　popular
party　in　the　towns　exceeded　all　computation　as　he　did　not　kill　only
for　offences　against　himself；　but　granted　these　favours　without
sparing；　and　joined　in　the　execution　of　them；　to　gratify　the　many
hatreds　and　the　much　cupidity　of　his　friends　everywhere　round　about
him。　From　whence　the　saying　of　Eteocles；　the　Lacedaemonian；　came　to　be
famous；　that　〃Greece　could　not　have　borne　two　Lysanders。〃　Theophrastus
says；　that　Archestratus　said　the　same　thing　concerning　Alcibiades。　But
in　his　case　what　had　given　most　offence　was　a　certain　licentious　and
wanton　self…will；　Lysander's　power　was；　feared　and　hated　because　of
his　unmerciful　disposition。　The　Lacedaemonians　did　not　at　all
concern　themselves　for　any　other　accusers；　but　afterwards；　when
Pharnabazus；　having　been　injured　by　him；　he　having　pillaged　and　wasted
his　country；　sent　some　to　Sparta　to　inform　against　him；　the　Ephors
taking　it　very　ill；　put　one　of　his　friends　and　fellow…captains；
Thorax；　to　death；　taking　him　with　some　silver　privately　in　his
possession；　and　they　sent　him　a　scroll；　commanding　him　to　return　home。
This　scroll　is　made　up　thus：　When　the　Ephors　send　an　admiral　or
general　on　his　way；　they　take　two　round　pieces　of　wood；　both　exactly
of　a　length　and　thickness；　and　cut　even　to　one　another；　they　keep
one　themselves；　and　the　other　they　give　to　the　person　they　send　forth；
and　these　pieces　of　wood　they　call　Scytales。　When；　therefore；　they
have　occasion　to　communicate　any　secret　or　important　matter；　making
a　scroll　of　parchment　long　and　narrow　like　a　leathern　thong；　they　roll
it　about　their　own　staff　of　wood；　leaving　no　space　void　between；　but
covering　the　surface　of　the　staff　with　the　scroll　all　over。　When
they　have　done　this；　they　write　what　they　please　on　the　scroll；　as
it　is　wrapped　about　the　staff；