memoirs of napoleon bonaparte, v12-第9部分

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The　old　man　fortunately　escaped　his　threatened　fate；　but；　notwithstanding
the　entreaties　and　tears　of　the　inhabitants；　the　sentence　upon　Prahl　was
carried　into　execution。

The　garrison　of　Hamburg　was　composed　of　French；　Italian；　and　Dutch
troops。　　Their　number　at　first　amounted　to　30；000；　but　sickness　made
great…havoc　among　them。　　From　sixty　to　eighty　perished　daily　in　the
hospitals。　　When　the　garrison　evacuated　Hamburg　in　May　1814　it　was
reduced　to　about　15；000　men。　　In　the　month　of　December　provisions　began
to　diminish；　and　there　was　no　possibility　of　renewing　the　supply。　　The
poor　were　first　of　all　made　to　leave　the　town；　and　afterwards　all　persons
who　were　not　usefully　employed。　　It　is　no　exaggeration　to　estimate　at
50；000　the　number　of　persons　who　were　thus　exiled。　　The　colonel
commanding　the　gendarmerie　at　Hamburg　notified　to　the　exiled　inhabitants
that　those　who　did　not　leave　the　town　within　the　prescribed　time　would
receive　fifty　blows　with　a　cane　and　afterwards　be　driven　out。　　But　if
penance　may　be　commuted　with　priests　so　it　may　with　gendarmes。
Delinquents　contrived　to　purchase　their　escape　from　the　bastinado　by　a
sum　of　money；　and　French　gallantry　substituted　with　respect　to　females
the　birch　for　the　cane。　　I　saw　an　order　directing　all　female　servants　to
be　examined　as　to　their　health　unless　they　could　produce　certificates
from　their　masters。　　On　the　25th　of　December　the　Government　granted
twenty…four　hours　longer　to　persons　who　were　ordered　to　quit　the　town；
and　two　days　after　this　indulgence　an　ordinance　was　published　declaring
that　those　who　should　return　to　the　town　after　once　leaving　it　were　to　be
considered　as　rebels　and　accomplices　of　the　enemy；　and　as　such　condemned
to　death　by　a　prevotal　court。　　But　this　was　not　enough。　　At　the　end　of
December　people；　without　distinction　of　sex　or　age；　were　dragged　from
their　beds　and　conveyed　out　of　the　town　on　a　cold　night；　when　the
thermometer　was　between　sixteen　or　eighteen　degrees；　and　it　was　affirmed
that　several　old　men　perished　in　this　removal。　　Those　who　survived　were
left　on　the　outside　of　the　Altona　gates。　　At　Altona　they　all　found　refuge
and　assistance。　　On　Christmas…day　7000　of　these　unfortunate　persons　were
received　in　the　house　of　M。　Rainville；　　formerly　aide　de　camp　to
Dumouriez；　and　who　left　France　together　with　that　general。　　His　house；
which　was　at　Holstein；　was　usually　the　scene　of　brilliant　entertainments；
but　it　was　converted　into　the　abode　of　misery；　mourning；　and　death。　　All
possible　attention　was　bestowed　on　the　unfortunate　outlaws；　but　few
profited　by　it；　and　what　is　worse；　the　inhabitants　of　Altona　suffered　for
their　generosity。　　Many　of　the　unfortunate　persons　were　affected　with　the
epidemic　disease　which　was　raging　in　Hamburg；　and　which　in　consequence
broke　out　at　Altona。

All　means　of　raising　money　in　Hamburg　being　exhausted；　a　seizure　was　made
of　the　funds　of　the　Bank　of　that　city；　which　yet　contained　from　seven　to
eight　millions　of　marks。　　Were　those　who　ordered　this　measure　not　aware
that　to　seize　on　the　funds　of　some　of　the　citizens　of　Hamburg　was　an
injury　to　all　foreigners　who　had　funds　in　the　Bank？　　Such　is　a　brief
statement　of　the　vexations　and　cruelties　which　long　oppressed　this
unfortunate　city。　　Napoleon　accused　Hamburg　of　Anglomania；　and　by　ruining
her　he　thought　to　ruin　England。　　Hamburg；　feeble　and　bereft　of　her
sources；　could　only　complain；　like　Jerusalem　when　besieged　by　Titus：
〃Plorans；　plorcatrit　in　nocte。〃




CHAPTER　XXXII。

1813…1814。

　　　　　Prince　Eugene　and　the　affairs　of　ItalyThe　army　of　Italy　on　the
　　　　　frontiers　of　AustriaEugene's　regret　at　the　defection　of　the
　　　　　BavariansMurat's　dissimulation　and　perfidyHis　treaty　with
　　　　　AustriaHostilities　followed　by　a　declaration　of　warMurat
　　　　　abandoned　by　the　French　generalsProclamation　from　ParisMurat's
　　　　　successGigantic　scheme　of　NapoleonNapoleon　advised　to　join　the
　　　　　JacobinsHis　refusalArmament　of　the　National　GuardThe　Emperor's
　　　　　farewell　to　the　officersThe　Congress　of　ChatillonRefusal　of　an
　　　　　armisticeNapoleon's　character　displayed　in　his　negotiations
　　　　　Opening　of　the　CongressDiscussionsRupture　of　the　Conferences。

I　wars　now　proceed　to　notice　the　affairs　of　Italy　and　the　principal
events　of　the　Viceroyalty　of　Eugene。　　In　order　to　throw　together　all　that
I　have　to　say　about　the　Viceroy　I　must　anticipate　the　order　of　time。

After　the　campaign　of　1812；　when　Eugene　revisited　Italy；　he　was　promptly
informed　of　the　more　than　doubtful　dispositions　of　Austria　towards
France。　　He　then　made　preparations　for　raising　an　army　capable　of
defending　the　country　which　the　Emperor　had　committed　to　his　safeguard。
Napoleon　was　fully　aware　how　much　advantage　he　would　derive　from　the
presence　on　the　northern　frontiers　of　Italy　of　an　army　sufficiently
strong　to　harass　Austria；　in　case　she　should　draw　aside　the　transparent
veil　which　still　covered　her　policy。　　Eugene　did　all　that　depended　on　him
to　meet　the　Emperor's　wishes；　but　in　spite　of　his　efforts　the　army　of
Italy　was；　after　all；　only　an　imaginary　army　to　those　who　could　compare
the　number　of　men　actually　enrolled　with　the　numbers　stated　in　the　lists。
When；　in　July　1813；　the　Viceroy　was　informed　of　the　turn　taken　by　the
negotiations　at　the　shadow　of　a　Congress　assembled　at　Prague；　he　had　no
longer　any　doubt　of　the　renewal　of　hostilities；　and　foreseeing　an　attack
on　Italy　he　resolved　as　speedily　as　possible　to　approach　the　frontiers　of
Austria。　　He　had　succeeded　in　assembling　an　army　composed　of　French　and
Italians；　and　amounting　to　45；000　infantry　and　5000　cavalry。　　On　the
renewal　of　hostilities　the　Viceroy's　headquarters　were　at　Udine。　　Down　to
the　month　of　April　1814　he　succeeded　in　maintaining　a　formidable
attitude；　and　in　defending　the　entrance　of　his　kingdom　by　dint　of　that
military　talent　which　was　to　be　expected　in　a　man　bred　in　the　great
school　of　Napoleon；　and　whom　the　army　looked　up　to　as　one　of　its　most
skillful　generals。

During　the　great　and　unfortunate　events　of　1813　all　eyes　had　been　fixed
on　Germany　and　the　Rhine；　but　the　defection　of　Murat　for　a　time　diverted
attention　to　Italy。　　That　event　did　not　so　very　much　surprise　me；　for　I
had　not　forgotten　my　conversation　with　the　King　of　Naples　in　the　Champs
Elysees；　with　which　I　have　made　the　reader　acquainted。　　At　first　Murat's
defection　was　thought　incredible　by　every　one；　and　it　highly　excited
Bonaparte's　indignation。　　Another　defection　which　occurred　about　the　same
period　deeply　distressed　Eugene；　for　although　raised　to　the　rank　of　a
prince；　and　almost　a　sovereign；　he　was　still　a　man；　and　an　excellent　man。
He　was　united　to　the　Princess　Amelia　of　Bavaria；　who　was　as　amiable　and
as　much　beloved　as　he；　and　he　had　the　deep　mortification　to　count　the
subjects　of　his　father…in…law　among　the　enemies　whom　he　would　probably
have　to　combat。　　Fearing　lest　he　should　be　harassed　by　the　Bavarians　on
the　side　of　the　Tyrol；　Eugene　commenced　his　retrograde　movement　in　the
autumn　of　1813。　　He　at　first　fell　back　on　the　Tagliamento；　and
successively　on　the　Adige。　　On　reaching　that　river　the　army　of　Italy　was
considerably　diminished；　in　spite　of　all　Eugene's　care　of　his　troops。
About　the　end　of　November　Eugene　learned　that　a　Neapolitan　corps　was
advancing　upon　Upper　Italy；　part　taking　the　direction　of　Rome；　and　part
that　of　Ancona。　　The　object　of　the　King　of　Naples　was　to　take　advantage
of　the　situation　of　Europe；　and　he　was　duped　by　the　promises　held　out　to
him　as　the　reward　of　his　treason。　　Murat　seemed　to　have　adopted　the
artful　policy　of　Austria；　for　not　only　had　he　determined　to　join　the
coalition；　but　he　was　even　maintaining　communications　with　England　and
Austria；　while　at　the　same　time　he　was　making　protestations　of　fidelity
to　his　engagements　with　Napoleon。

When　first　informed　of　Murat's　treason　by　the　Viceroy　the　Emperor　refused
to　believe　it。　　〃No；〃　he　exclaimed　to　those　about　him；　〃it　cannot　be！
Murat；　to　whom　I　have　given　my　sister！　　Murat；　to　whom　I　have　given　a
throne！　　Eugene　must　be　misinformed。　　It　is　impossible　that　Murat　has
declared　himself　against　me！〃　　It　was；　however；　not　only　possible　but
true。　　Gradually　throwing　aside　the　dissimulation　beneath　which　he　had
concealed　his　designs；　Murat　seemed　inclined　to　renew　the　policy　of　Italy
during　the　fifteenth　and　sixteenth　centuries；　when　the　art　of　deceiving
was　deemed　by　the　Italian　Governments　the　most　sublime　effort　of　genius。
Without　any　declaration　of　war；　Murat　ordered　the　Neapolitan　General　who
occupied　Rome　to　assume　the　supreme　command　in　the　Roman　States；　and　to
take　possession　of　the　country。　　General　Miollis；　who　commanded　the
French　troops　in　Rome；　could　only　throw　himself；　with　his　handful　of　men；
into　the　Castle　of　St。　Angelo；　the　famous　mole　of　Adrian；　in　which　was
long　preserved　the　treasury　of　Sixtus　V。　　The　French　General　soon　found
himself　blockaded　by　the　Neapolitan　troops；　who　also　blockaded　Civita
Vecchia　and　Ancona。


The　treaty　concluded　between　Murat　and　Austria　was　definitively　signed　on
the　11th　of　January　1814。　　As　soon　as　he　was　informed　of　it　the　Viceroy；
certain　that　he　should　soon　have　to　engage　with　the　Neapolitans；　was
obliged　to　renounce　the　preservation　of　the　line　of　the　Adige；　the
Neapolitan　army　being　in　the　rear　of　his　right　wing。　　He　accordingly
ordered　a　retrograde　movement　to　the　other　side　of　the　Mincio；　where　his
army　was　cantoned。　　In　this　position　Prince　Eugene；　on　the　8th　of
February；　had　to　engage　with　the　Austrians；　who　had　come　up　with　him；　and
the　victory　of　the　Mincio　arrested；　for　some　time；　the　invasion　of　the
Austrian　army　and　its　junction　with　the　Neapolitan　troops。

It　was　not　until　eight　days　after　that　Murat　officially　declared　war
against　the　Emperor；　and　immediately　several　general　and　superior
officers；　and　many　French　troops；　who　were　in　his　service；　abandoned　him；
and　repaired　to　the　headquarters　of　the　Viceroy。　　Murat　made　endeavours
to　detain　them；　they　replied；　that　as　he　had　declared　war　against　France；
no　Frenchman　who　loved　his　country　could　remain　in　his　service。　　〃Do　you
think；〃　returned　he；　〃that　my　heart　is　lees　French　than　yours？　　On　the
contrary；　I　am　much　to　be　pitied。　　I　hear　of　nothi