travels in england-第8部分

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lf；　from　its　back　grow　out　lengthways　two　fibres　or　nerves；　bigger　at　their　ends；　but　like　a　pretty　strong　thread；　of　a　leaden　colour；　inclining　to　black；　with　which；　as　it　has　not　feet；　it　is　said　to　fasten　itself　to　trees　when　it　wants　to　rest；　a　cushion　most　curiously　wrought　by　Queen　Elizabeth's　own　hands。

In　the　precincts　of　Windsor；　on　the　other　side　the　Thames；　both　whose　banks　are　joined　by　a　bridge　of　wood；　is　Eton；　a　well…built　College；　and　famous　school　for　polite　letters；　founded　by　Henry　VI。；　where；　besides　a　master；　eight　fellows　and　chanters；　sixty　boys　are　maintained　gratis。　　They　are　taught　grammar；　and　remain　in　the　school　till；　upon　trial　made　of　their　genius　and　progress　in　study；　they　are　sent　to　the　University　of　Cambridge。

As　we　were　returning　to　our　inn；　we　happened　to　meet　some　country　people　CELEBRATING　THEIR　HARVEST　HOME；　their　last　load　of　corn　they　crown　with　flowers；　having　besides　an　image　richly　dressed；　by　which；　perhaps；　they　would　signify　Ceres；　this　they　keep　moving　about；　while　men　and　women；　men　and　maid　servants；　riding　through　the　streets　in　the　cart；　shout　as　loud　as　they　can　till　they　arrive　at　the　barn。　　The　farmers　here　do　not　bind　up　their　corn　in　sheaves；　as　they　do　with　us；　but　directly　as　they　have　reaped　or　mowed　it；　put　it　into　carts；　and　convey　it　into　their　barns。

We　went　through　the　town　of　Staines。

Hampton　Court；　a　Royal　Palace；　magnificently　built　with　brick　by　Cardinal　Wolsey　in　ostentation　of　his　wealth；　where　he　enclosed　five　very　ample　courts；　consisting　of　noble　edifices　in　very　beautiful　work。　　Over　the　gate　in　the　second　area　is　the　Queen's　device；　a　golden　Rose；　with　this　motto；　〃Dieu　et　mon　Droit：〃　on　the　inward　side　of　this　gate　are　the　effigies　of　the　twelve　Roman　Emperors　in　plaster。　　The　chief　area　is　paved　with　square　stone；　in　its　centre　is　a　fountain　that　throws　up　water；　covered　with　a　gilt　crown；　on　the　top　of　which　is　a　statue　of　Justice；　supported　by　columns　of　black　and　white　marble。　　The　chapel　of　this　palace　is　most　splendid；　in　which　the　Queen's　closet　is　quite　transparent；　having　its　window　of　crystal。　　We　were　led　into　two　chambers；　called　the　presence；　or　chambers　of　audience；　which　shone　with　tapestry　of　gold　and　silver　and　silk　of　different　colours：　　under　the　canopy　of　state　are　these　words　embroidered　in　pearl；　〃VIVAT　HENRICUS　OCTAVUS。〃　　Here　is　besides　a　small　chapel　richly　hung　with　tapestry；　where　the　Queen　performs　her　devotions。　　In　her　bedchamber　the　bed　was　covered　with　very　costly　coverlids　of　silk：　　at　no　great　distance　from　this　room　we　were　shown　a　bed；　the　tester　of　which　was　worked　by　Anne　Boleyn；　and　presented　by　her　to　her　husband　Henry　VIII。　　All　the　other　rooms；　being　very　numerous；　are　adorned　with　tapestry　of　gold；　silver；　and　velvet；　in　some　of　which　were　woven　history　pieces；　in　others；　Turkish　and　American　dresses；　all　extremely　natural。

In　the　hall　are　these　curiosities：

A　very　clear　looking…glass；　ornamented　with　columns　and　little　images　of　alabaster；　a　portrait　of　Edward　VI。；　brother　to　Queen　Elizabeth；　the　true　portrait　of　Lucretia；　a　picture　of　the　battle　of　Pavia；　the　history　of　Christ's　passion；　carved　in　mother…of…pearl；　the　portraits　of　Mary　Queen　of　Scots；　who　was　beheaded；　and　her　daughter；　｛17｝　the　picture　of　Ferdinand；　Prince　of　Spain；　and　of　Philip　his　son；　that　of　Henry　VIII。under　it　was　placed　the　Bible　curiously　written　upon　parchment；　an　artificial　sphere；　several　musical　instruments；　in　the　tapestry　are　represented　negroes　riding　upon　elephants。　　The　bed　in　which　Edward　VI。　is　said　to　have　been　born；　and　where　his　mother　Jane　Seymour　died　in　child…bed。　　In　one　chamber　were　several　excessively　rich　tapestries；　which　are　hung　up　when　the　Queen　gives　audience　to　foreign　ambassadors；　there　were　numbers　of　cushions　ornamented　with　gold　and　silver；　many　counterpanes　and　coverlids　of　beds　lined　with　ermine：　　in　short；　all　the　walls　of　the　palace　shine　with　gold　and　silver。　　Here　is　besides　a　certain　cabinet　called　Paradise；　where　besides　that　everything　glitters　so　with　silver；　gold；　and　jewels；　as　to　dazzle　one's　eyes；　there　is　a　musical　instrument　made　all　of　glass；　except　the　strings。　Afterwards　we　were　led　into　the　gardens；　which　are　most　pleasant；　here　we　saw　rosemary　so　planted　and　nailed　to　the　walls　as　to　cover　them　entirely；　which　is　a　method　exceeding　common　in　England。

Kingston；　a　market　town。

Nonesuch；　a　royal　retreat；　in　a　place　formerly　called　Cuddington；　a　very　healthful　situation；　chosen　by　King　Henry　VIII。　for　his　pleasure　and　retirement；　and　built　by　him　with　an　excess　of　magnificence　and　elegance；　even　to　ostentation：　　one　would　imagine　everything　that　architecture　can　perform　to　have　been　employed　in　this　one　work。　　There　are　everywhere　so　many　statues　that　seem　to　breathe　so　many　miracles　of　consummate　art；　so　many　casts　that　rival　even　the　perfection　of　Roman　antiquity；　that　it　may　well　claim　and　justify　its　name　of　Nonesuch；　being　without　an　equal；　or　as　the　post　sung　…


〃This；　which　no　equal　has　in　art　or　fame；　Britons　deservedly　do　NONESUCH　name。〃


The　palace　itself　is　so　encompassed　with　parks　full　of　deer；　delicious　gardens；　groves　ornamented　with　trellis…work；　cabinets　of　verdure；　and　walks　so　embrowned　by　trees；　that　it　seems　to　be　a　place　pitched　upon　by　Pleasure　herself；　to　dwell　in　along　with　Health。

In　the　pleasure　and　artificial　gardens　are　many　columns　and　pyramids　of　marble；　two　fountains　that　spout　water　one　round　the　other　like　a　pyramid；　upon　which　are　perched　small　birds　that　stream　water　out　of　their　bills。　　In　the　Grove　of　Diana　is　a　very　agreeable　fountain；　with　Actaeon　turned　into　a　stag；　as　he　was　sprinkled　by　the　goddess　and　her　nymphs；　with　inscriptions。

There　is　besides　another　pyramid　of　marble　full　of　concealed　pipes；　which　spurt　upon　all　who　come　within　their　reach。

Returned　from　hence　to　London。



A　SHORT　DESCRIPTION　OF　ENGLAND。



Britain；　consisting　of　the　two　kingdoms　of　England　and　Scotland；　is　the　largest　island　in　the　world；　encompassed　by　the　ocean；　the　German　and　French　seas。　　The　largest　and　southern　part　of　it　is　England；　so　named　from　the　Angli；　who　quitting　the　little　territory　yet　called　Angel　in　the　kingdom　of　Denmark；　took　possession　here。　It　is　governed　by　its　own　King；　who　owns　no　superior　but　God。　　It　is　divided　into　thirty…nine　counties；　to　which　thirteen　in　Wales　were　added　by　Henry　VIII。；　the　first　who　distributed　that　principality　into　counties；　over　each　of　these；　in　times　of　danger；　a　lord　lieutenant；　nominated　by　the　King；　presides　with　an　unlimited　power。　Every　year　some　gentleman；　an　inhabitant　of　the　place；　is　appointed　sheriff；　his　office　is　to　collect　the　public　moneys；　to　raise　fines；　or　to　make　seizures；　and　account　for　it　to　the　Treasury；　to　attend　upon　the　judges；　and　put　their　sentence　in　execution；　to　empanel　the　jury；　who　sit　upon　facts；　and　return　their　verdict　to　the　judges　（who　in　England　are　only　such　of　the　law；　and　not　of　the　fact）；　to　convey　the　condemned　to　execution；　and　to　dertermine　in　lesser　causes；　for　the　greater　are　tried　by　the　judges；　formerly　called　travelling　judges　of　assize；　these　go　their　circuits　through　the　counties　twice　every　year　to　hear　causes；　and　pronounce　sentence　upon　prisoners。

As　to　ecclesiastical　jurisdiction；　after　the　Popes　had　assigned　a　church　and　parish　to　every　priest；　Honorius；　Archbishop　of　Canterbury；　about　the　year　636；　began　to　divide　England　in　the　same　manner　into　parishes：　　as　it　has　two　Provinces；　so　it　has　two　Archbishops：　　the　one　of　Canterbury；　Primate　and　Metropolitan　of　all　England；　the　other　of　York：　　subject　to　these　are　twenty…five　bishops；　viz。；　twenty…two　to　Canterbury；　the　remaining　three　to　York。

The　soil　is　fruitful；　and　abounds　with　cattle；　which　inclines　the　inhabitants　rather　to　feeding　than　ploughing；　so　that　near　a　third　part　of　the　land　is　left　uncultivated　for　grazing。　　The　climate　is　most　temperate　at　all　times；　and　the　air　never　heavy；　consequently　maladies　are　scarcer；　and　less　physic　is　used　there　than　anywhere　else。　　There　are　but　few　rivers；　though　the　soil　is　productive；　it　bears　no　wine；　but　that　want　is　supplied　from　abroad　by　the　best　kinds；　as　of　Orleans；　Gascon；　Rhenish；　and　Spanish。　　The　general　drink　is　beer；　which　is　prepared　from　barley；　and　is　excellently　well　tasted；　but　strong；　and　what　soon　fuddles。　　There　are　many　hills　without　one　tree；　or　any　spring；　which　produce　a　very　short　and　tender　grass；　and　supply　plenty　of　food　to　sheep；　upon　these　wander　numerous　flocks；　extremely　white；　and　whether　from　the　temperature　of　the　air；　or　goodness　of　the　earth；　bearing　softer　and　finer　fleeces　than　those　of　any　other　country：　　this　is　the　true　Golden　Fleece；　in　which　consist　the　chief　riches　of　the　inhabitants；　great　sums　of　money　being　brought　into　the　island　by　merchants；　chiefly　for　that　article　of　trade。　　The　dogs　here　are　particularly　good。　　It　has　mines　of　gold；　silver；　and　tin　（of　which　all　manner　of　table　utensils　are　made；　in　brightness　equal　to　silver；　and　used　all　over　Europe）；　of　lead；　and　of　iron；　but　not　much　of　the　latter。　　The　horses　are　small　but　swift。　　Glasshouses　are　in　plenty　here。



OF　THE　MANNERS　OF　THE　ENGLISH。



The　English　are　serious；　like　the　Germans；　lovers　of　show；　liking　to　be　followed　wherever　they　go　by　whole　troops　of　servants；　who　wear　their　masters'　arms　in　silver；　fastened　to　their　left　arms；　a　ridicule　they　deservedly　lie　under。　　They　excel　in　dancing　and　music；　for　they　are　active　and　lively；　though　of　a　thicker　make　than　the　French；　they　cut　their　hair　close　on　the　middle　of　the　head；　letting　it　grow　on　either　side；　they　are　good　sailors；　and　better　pirates；　cunning；　treacherous　and　thievish；　above　three　hundred　are　said　to　be　hanged　annually　at　London；　beheading　with　them　is　less　infamous　than　hanging；　they　give　the　wall　as　the　place　of　honour；　hawking　is　the　general　sport　of　the　gentry；　they　are　more　polite　in　eating　than　the　French；　devouring　less　bread；　but　more　meat；　which　they　roast　in　perfection；　they　put　a　great　deal　of　sugar　in　their　drink；　their　beds　are　covered　with　tapestry；　even　those　of　farmers；　they　are　often　molested　with　the　scurvy；　said　to　have　first　crept　into　England　with　the　Norman　Conquest；　their　houses　are　commonly　of　two　storeys