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the ethics(part iv)-第12部分

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we shall readily see the difference between a man; who is led solely by 



emotion or opinion; and a man; who is led by reason。 The former; whether  



will or no; performs actions whereof he is utterly ignorant; the latter is 



his own master and only performs such actions; as he knows are of primary 



importance in life; and therefore chiefly; desires; wherefore I call the 



former a slave; and the latter a free man; concerning whose disposition 



and manner of life it will be well to make a few observations。















Prop。 LXVII。 A free man thinks of death 



least of all things; and his wisdom is 



a meditation not of death but of life。







Proof。… A free man is one who lives under the guidance of reason; who is 



not led by fear (IV:lxiii。); but who directly desires that which is good 



(IV:lxiii。Coroll。); in other words (IV:xxiv。); who strives to act; to live; 



and to preserve his being on the basis of seeking his own true advantage; 



wherefore such an one thinks of nothing less than of death; but his wisdom 



is a meditation of life。 Q。E。D















Prop。 LXVIII。 If men were born free; 



they would; so long as they remained free; 



form no conception of good and evil。







Proof。… I call free him who is led solely by reason; he; therefore; who 



is born free; and who remains free; has only adequate ideas; therefore 



(IV:lxiv。Coroll。) he has no conception of evil; or consequently (good 



and evil being correlative) of good。 Q。E。D。







Note。… It is evident; from IV:iv。; that the hypothesis of this Proposition 



is false and inconceivable; except in so far as we look solely to the 



nature of man; or rather to God; not in so far as the latter is infinite; 



but only in so far as he is the cause of man's existence。







This; and other matters which we have already proved; seem to have 



been signifieded by Moses in the history of the first man。 For in that 



narrative no other power of God is conceived; save that whereby he 



created man; that is the power wherewith he provided solely for man's 



advantage; it is stated that God forbade man; being free; to eat of the 



tree of the knowledge of good and evil; and that; as soon as man should 



have eaten of it; he would straightway fear death rather than desire to 



live。 Further; it is written that when man had found a wife; who was in 



entire harmony with his nature; he knew that there could be nothing in 



nature which could be more useful to him; but that after he believed the 



beasts to be like himself; he straightway began to imitate their emotions 



(III:xxvii。); and to lose his freedom; this freedom was afterwards 



recovered by the patriarchs; led by the spirit of Christ; that is; by the 



idea of God; whereon alone it depends; that man may be free; and desire for 



others the good which he desires for himself; as we have shown above 



(IV:xxxii。)。















Prop。 LXIX。 The virtue of a free man is seen 



to be as great; when it declines dangers; 



as when it overcomes them。







Proof。… Emotion can only be checked or removed by an emotion contrary to 



itself; and possessing more power in restraining emotion (IV:vii。)。 But 



blind daring and fear are emotions; which can be conceived as equally 



great (IV:v。 and IV:iii。): hence; no less virtue or firmness is required 



in checking daring than in checking fear (III:lix。Note); in other words 



(Def。 of the Emotions:xl。 and xli。); the free man shows as much virtue; 



when he declines dangers; as when he strives to overcome them。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… The free man is as courageous in timely retreat as in combat; 



or; a free man shows equal courage or presence of mind; whether he elect 



to give battle or to retreat。







 Note。… What courage (animositas) is; and what I mean thereby; I explained 



in III:lix。Note。 By danger I mean everything; which can give rise to any 



evil; such as pain; hatred; discord; &c。















Prop。 LXX。 The free man; who lives among the 



ignorant; strives; as far as he can; to avoid 



receiving favours from them。







Proof。… Everyone judges what is good according to his disposition 



(III:xxxix。Note); wherefore an ignorant man; who has conferred a benefit 



on another; puts his own estimate upon it; and; if it appears to be 



estimated less highly by the receiver; will feel pain (III:xlii。)。 But 



the free man only desires to join other men to him in friendship 



(IV:xxxvii。); not repaying their benefits with others reckoned as of like 



value; but guiding himself and others by the free decision of reason; 



and doing only such things as he knows to be of primary importance。  



Therefore the free man; lest be should become hateful to the ignorant; or 



follow their desires rather than reason; will endeavour; as far as he can; 



to avoid receiving their favours。







Note。… I say; as far as he can。 For though men be ignorant; yet are they 





men; and in cases of necessity could afford us human aid; the most 



excellent of all things: therefore it is often necessary to accept favours 



from them; and consequently to repay such favours in kind; we must; 



therefore; exercise caution in declining favours; lest we should have the 



appearance of despising those who bestow them; or of being; from 



avaricious motives; unwilling to requite them; and so give ground for 



offence by the very fact of striving to avoid it。 Thus; in declining 



favours; we must look to the requirements of utility and courtesy。



















Prop。 LXXI。 Only free men are thoroughly 



grateful one to another。







Proof。… Only free men are thoroughly useful one to another; and 



associated among themselves by the closest necessity of friendship 



(IV:xxxv。;&Coroll。i。); only such men endeavour; with mutual zeal of 



love; to confer benefits on each other (IV:xxxvii。); and; therefore; 



only they are thoroughly grateful one to another。 Q。E。D。







Note。… The goodwill; which men who are led by blind desire have for one 



another; is generally a bargaining or enticement; rather than pure goodwill。 



Moreover; ingratitude is not an emotion。 Yet it is base; inasmuch as 



it generally shows; that a man is affected by excessive hatred; anger; 



pride; avarice; &c。 He who; by reason of his folly; knows not how to 



return benefits; is not ungrateful; much less he who is not gained over



by the gifts of a courtesan to serve her lust; or by a thief to conceal 



his thefts; or by any similar persons。 Contrariwise; such an one shows 



a constant mind; inasmuch as he cannot by an gifts be corrupted; to his 



own or the general hurt。















Prop。 LXXII。 The free man never acts fraudulently; 



but always in good faith。







Proof。… If it be asked: What should a man's conduct be in a case where 



he could by breaking faith free himself from the danger of present death? 



Would not his plan of self…preservation completely persuade him to deceive? 



This may be answered by pointing out that; if reason persuaded him to act 



thus; it would persuade all men to act in a similar manner; in which case 



reason would persuade men not to agree in good faith to unite their forces; 



or to have laws in common; that is; not to。 have any general laws; which is 



absurd。















Prop。 LXXIII。 The man; who is guided by reason; 



is more free in a State; where he lives under 



a general system of law; than in 



solitude; where he is independent。







Proof。… The man; who is guided by reason; does not obey through fear 



(IV:Ixiii。): but; in so far as he endeavours to preserve his being 



according to the dictates of reason; that is (IV:lxvi。Note); in so far 



as he endeavours to live in freedom; he desires to order his life 



according to the general good (IV:xxxvii。); and; consequently (as we 



showed in IV:xxxvii。Note。ii。); to live according to the laws of his 



country。 Therefore the free man; in order to enjoy greater freedom; 



desires to possess the general rights of citizenship。 Q。E。D。







Note。… These and similar observations; which we have made on man's true 



freedom; may be referred to strength; that is; to courage and nobility 



of character (III:lix。Note)。 I do not think it worth while to prove 



separately all the properties of strength; much less need I show; that he 



that is strong hates no man; is angry with no man; envies no man; is 



indignant with no man; despises no man; and least of all things is proud。 



These propositions; and all that relate to the true way of life and 



religion; are easily proved from IV:xxxvii。 and IV:xlvi。; namely; that 



hatred should be overcome with love; and that every man should desire for 



others the good which he seeks for himself。 We may also repeat what 



we drew attention to in the note to IV:I。; and in other places; namely; 



that the strong man has ever first in his thoughts; that all things 



follow from the necessity of the divine nature; so that whatsoever he 



deems to be hurtful and evil; and whatsoever; accordingly; seems to him 



impious; horrible; unjust; and base; assumes that appearance owing to his 



own disordered; fragmentary; and confused view of the universe。 Wherefore 



he strives before all things to conceive things as they really are; and 



to remove the hindrances to true knowledge; such as are hatred; anger; 



envy; derision; pride; and similar emotions; which I have mentioned above。 



Thus he endeavours; as we said before; as far as in him lies; to do good; 



and to go on his way rejoicing。 How far human virtue is capable of 



attaining to such a condition; and what its powers may be; I will prove 



in the following Part。















APPENDIX。



What have said in this Part concerning the right way of life
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