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the ethics(part iv)-第2部分

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by a longer interval than we can distinctly conceive; seem to be all 



equally distant from the present; and are set down; as it were; to the 



same moment of time。)







VII。 By an end; for the sake of which we do something; I mean a desire。







VIII。 By virtue (virtus) and power I mean the same thing; that is 



(III:vii。); virtue; in so far as it is referred to man; is a man's 



nature or essence; in so far as it has the power of effecting what 



can only be understood by the laws of that nature。















AXIOM。







There is no individual thing in nature; than which there is not 



another more powerful and strong。 Whatsoever thing be given; there is 



something stronger whereby it can be destroyed。















PROPOSITIONS。



Prop。 I。 No positive quality possessed by a 



false idea is removed by the presence of 



what is true; in virtue of its being true。







Proof。… Falsity consists solely in the privation of knowledge which 



inadequate ideas involve (II:xxxv。); nor have they any positive 



quality on account of which they are called false (II:xxxiii。);   contrariwise; in so far as they



are referred to God; they are true 



(II:xxxii。)。  Wherefore; if the positive quality possessed by a false 



idea were removed by the presence of what is true; in virtue of its 



being true; a true idea would then be removed by itself; which 



(IV:iii。) is absurd。 Therefore; no positive quality possessed by a 



false idea; &c。 Q。E。D。







Note。… This proposition is more clearly understood from II:xvi。Coroll。ii。 



For imagination is an idea; which indicates rather the present disposition 



of the human body than the nature of the external body; not indeed 



distinctly; but confusedly; whence it comes to pass; that the mind is 



said to err。 For instance; when we look at the sun; we conceive that it 



is distant from us about two hundred feet; in this judgment we err; so 



long as we are in ignorance of its true distance; when its true distance 



is known; the error is removed; but not the imagination; or; in other 



words; the idea of the sun; which only explains tho nature of that 



luminary; in so far as the body is affected thereby: wherefore; though 



we know the real distance; we shall still nevertheless imagine the sun 



to be near us。 For; as we said in III:xxxv。note; we do not imagine the sun 



to be so near us; because we are ignorant of its true distance; but because 



the mind conceives the magnitude of the sun to the extent that the body is 



affected thereby。  Thus; when the rays of the sun falling on the surface of 



water are reflected into our eyes; we imagine the sun as if it were in the 



water; though we are aware of its real position; and similarly other 



imaginations; wherein the mind is deceived whether they indicate the 



natural disposition of the body; or that its power of activity is 



increased or diminished; are not contrary to the truth; and do not vanish 



at its presence。 It happens indeed that; when we mistakenly fear an evil; 



the fear vanishes when we hear the true tidings; but the contrary also 



happens; namely; that we fear an evil which will certainly come; and our 



fear vanishes when we hear false tidings; thus imaginations do not vanish 



at the presence of the truth; in virtue of its being true; but because 



other imaginations; stronger than the first; supervene and exclude the 



present existence of that which we imagined; as I have shown in II:。xvii。















Prop。 II。 We are only passive; in so far as 



we are apart of Nature; which cannot be 



conceived by itself without other parts。







Proof。… We are said to be passive; when something arises in us; whereof 



we are only a partial cause (III:Def。ii。); that is (III:Def。i。); something 



which cannot be deduced solely from the laws of our nature。 We are passive 



therefore in so far as we are a part of Nature; which cannot be conceived 



by itself without other parts。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 III。 The force whereby a man persists 



in existing is limited; and is infinitely 



surpassed by the power of external causes。







Proof。…This is evident from the axiom of this part。 For; when man is 



given; there is something else … say A … more powerful; when A is given; 



there is something else … say B … more powerful than A; and so on to 



infinity; thus the power of man is limited by the power of some other 



thing; and is infinitely surpassed by the power of external causes。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 IV。 It is impossible; that man should 



not be a part of Nature; or that he should 



be capable of undergoing no changes; save 



such as can be understood through his nature 



only as their adequate cause。







Proof。… The power; whereby each particular thing; and consequently man; 



preserves his being; is the power of God or of Nature (I:xxiv。Coroll。); 



not in so far as it is infinite; but in so far as it can be explained by 



the actual human essence (III:vii。)。 Thus the power of man; in so far 



as it is explained through his own actual essence; is a part of the 



infinite power of God or Nature; in other words; of the essence thereof 



(I:xxxiv。)。 This was our first point。 Again; if it were possible; that man 



should undergo no changes save such as can be understood solely through 



the nature of man; it would follow that he would not be able to die; but 



would always necessarily exist; this would be the necessary consequence 



of a cause whose power was either finite or infinite; namely; either of 



man's power only; inasmuch as he would be capable of removing from himself 



all changes which could spring from external causes; or of the infinite 



power of Nature; whereby all individual things would be so ordered; that 



man should be incapable of undergoing any changes save such as tended 



towards his own preservation。 But the first alternative is absurd (by the 



last Prop。; the proof of which is universal; and can be applied to all 



individual things)。 Therefore; if it be possible; that man should not be 



capable of undergoing any changes; save such as can be explained solely 



through his own nature; and consequently that he must always (as we have 



shown) necessarily exist; such a result must follow from the infinite 



power of God; and consequently (I:xvi。) from the necessity of the divine 



nature; in so far as it is regarded as affected by the idea of any given 



man; the whole order of nature as conceived under the attributes of 



extension and thought must be deducible。 It would therefore follow (I:xxi。) 



that man is infinite; which (by the first part of this proof) is absurd。



It is; therefore; impossible; that man should not undergo any changes save 



those whereof he is the adequate cause。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… Hence it follows; that man is necessarily always a prey to 



his passions; that he follows and obeys the general order of nature; and 



that he accommodates himself thereto; as much as the nature of things 



demands。















Prop。 V。 The power and increase of every 



passion; and its persistence in existing 



are not defined by the power; whereby we 



ourselves endeavour to persist in existing; 



but by the power of an external cause 



compared with our own。







Proof。… The essence of a passion cannot be explained through our 



essence alone (III:Def。i。&。ii。); that is (III:vii。); the power of 



a passion cannot be defined by the power; whereby we ourselves 



endeavour to persist in existing; but (as is shown in II:xvi。) must 



necessarily be defined by the power of an external cause compared 



with our own。 Q。E。D。 















Prop。 VI。 The force of any passion or emotion 



can overcome the rest of a man's activities or 



power; so that the emotion becomes obstinately 



fixed to him。 







Proof。… The force and increase of any passion and its persistence in 



existing are defined by the power of an external cause compared with 



our own (by the foregoing Prop。); therefore (IV:iii。) it can overcome a 



man's power; &e。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 VII。 An emotion can only be controlled 



or destroyed by another emotion contrary 



thereto; and with more power for controlling 



emotion。







Proof。… Emotion; in so far as it is referred to the mind; is an idea; 



whereby the mind affirms of its body a greater or less force of existence 



than before (cf。 the general Definition of the Emotions at the end of 



Part III。) When; therefore; the mind is assailed by any emotion; the 



body is at the same time affected with a modification whereby its power 



of activity is increased or diminished。 Now this modification of the body 



(IV:v。) receives from its cause the force for persistence in its being; 



which force can only be checked or destroyed by a bodily cause (II:vi。); 



in virtue of the body being affected with a modification contrary to 



(III:v。) and stronger than itself (IV。Ax。); wherefore (II:xii。) the mind 



is affected by the idea of a modification contrary to; and stronger than 



the former modification; in other words; (by the general definition 



of the emotions) the mind will be affected by an emotion contrary to and 



stronger than the former emotion; which will exclude or destroy the 



existence of the former emotion; thus an emotion cannot be destroyed nor 



controlled except by a contrary and stronger emotion。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… An emotion; in so far as it is referred to the mind; can 



only be controlled or destroyed through an idea of a modification of 



the body contrary to; and stronger than; that which we are undergoing。 



For the emotion which we undergo can only be checked or destroyed by an 



emotion contrary to; and stronger than;
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