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the ethics(part iv)-第3部分

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For the emotion which we undergo can only be checked or destroyed by an 



emotion contrary to; and stronger than; itself; in other words; (by the 



general Definition of the Emotions) only by an idea of a modification 



of the body contrary to; and stronger than; the modification which we 



undergo。















Prop。 VIII。 The knowledge of good and evil 



is nothing else but the emotions of pleasure 



or pain; in so far as we are conscious 



thereof。







Proof。… We call a thing good or evil; when it is of service or the 



reverse in preserving our being (IV:Def。i。&。ii。); that is (III:vii。); 



when it increases or diminishes; helps or hinders; our power of activity。 



Thus; in so far as we perceive that a thing affects us with pleasure or 



pain; we call it good or evil; wherefore the knowledge of good and evil 



is nothing else but the idea of the pleasure or pain; which necessarily 



follows from that pleasurable or painful emotion (II:xxii。)。 But this idea 



is united to the emotion in the same way as mind is united to body 



(II:xxi。); that is; there is no real distinction between this idea and 



the emotion or idea of the modification of the body; save in conception 



only。 Therefore the knowledge of good and evil is nothing else but the 



emotion; in so far as we are conscious thereof。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 IX。 An emotion; whereof we conceive 



the cause to be with us at the present time; 



is stronger than if we did not conceive the 



cause to be with us。







Proof。… Imagination or conception is the idea; by which the mind regards 



a thing as present (II:xvii。note); but which indicates the disposition of 



the mind rather than the nature of the external thing (II:xvi。Coroll。ii)。 



An emotion is therefore a conception; in so far as it indicates the 



disposition of the body。 But a conception (by II:xvii。) is stronger; 



so long as we conceive nothing which excludes the present existence 



of the external object; wherefore an emotion is also stronger or more 



intense; when we conceive the cause to be with us at the present time; 



than when we do not conceive the cause to be with us。 Q。E。D。







Note。… When I said above in III:xviii。 that we are affected by the image 



of what is past or future with the same emotion as if the thing conceived 



were present; I expressly stated; that this is only true in so far as we 



look solely to the image of the thing in question itself ; for the thing's 



nature is unchanged; whether we have conceived it or not; I did not deny 



that the image becomes weaker; when we regard as present to us other 



things which exclude the present existence of the future object: I did 



not expressly call attention to the fact; because I purposed to treat 



of the strength of the emotions in this part of my work。







Corollary。… The image of something past or future; that is; of a thing 



which we regard as in relation to time past or time future; to the 



exclusion of time present; is; when other conditions are equal; weaker 



than the image of something present; consequently an emotion felt towards 



what is past or future is less intense; other conditions being equal; 



than an emotion felt towards something present。















Prop。 X。 Towards something future; which we 



conceive as close at hand; we are affected 



more intensely; than if we conceive that 



its time for existence is separated from 



the present by a longer interval; so too 



by the remembrance of what we conceive to 



have not long passed away we are affected 



more intensely; than if we conceive that 



it has long passed away。 







Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing as close at hand; or not long 



passed away; we conceive that which excludes the presence of the object 



less; than if its period of future existence were more distant from the 



present; or if it had long passed away (this is obvious) therefore (by the 



foregoing Prop。) we are; so far; more intensely affected towards it。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… From the remarks made in IV:Def。vi。 of this part it follows 



that; if objects are separated from the present by a longer period than 



we can define in conception; though their dates of occurrence be widely 



separated one from the other; they all affect us equally faintly。















Prop。 XI。 An emotion towards that which 



we conceive as necessary is; when other 



conditions are equal; more intense than 



an emotion towards that which impossible; 



or contingent; or non…necessary。







Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing to be necessary; we; to that 



extent; affirm its existence; on the other hand we deny a thing's 



existence; in so far as we conceive it not to be necessary :xxxiii。note。i。); 



wherefore (IV。ix。) an emotion towards that which is necessary is; other 



conditions being equal; more intense than an emotion that which is 



non…necessary。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XII。 An emotion towards a thing; 



which we know not to exist at the present 



time; and which we conceive as possible; 



is more intense; other conditions being 



equal; than an emotion towards a thing 



contingent。







Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing as contingent; we are affected 



by the conception of some further thing; which would assert the existence 



of the former (IV:Def。iii。); but; on the other hand; we (by hypothesis) 



conceive certain things; which exclude its present existence。 But; in 



so far as we conceive a thing to be possible in the future; we there by 



conceive things which assert its existence (IV:iv。); that is (III:xviii。); 



things which promote hope or fear: wherefore an emotion towards something 



possible is more vehement。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… An emotion towards a thing; which we know not to exist in the 



present; and which we conceive as contingent; is far fainter; than if we 



conceive the thing to be present with us。







Proof。… Emotion towards a thing; which we conceive to exist; is more 



intense than it would be; if we conceived the thing as future V:ix。Coroll。); 



and is much more vehement; than if the future time be conceived as far 



distant from the present (IV:x。)。 Therefore an emotion towards a thing; 



whose period of existence we conceive to be far distant from the present; 



is far fainter; than if we conceive the thing as present; it is; 



nevertheless; more intense; than if we conceived the thing as contingent; 



wherefore an emotion towards a thing; which we regard as contingent; 



will be far fainter; than if we conceived the thing to be present with us。 



Q。E。D。















Prop。 XIII。 Emotion towards a thing contingent; 



which we know not to exist in the present; is; 



other conditions being equal; fainter than an 



emotion towards a thing past。







Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing as contingent; we are not 



affected by the image of any other thing; which asserts the existence 



of the said thing (IV:Def。iii。); but; on the other hand (by hypothesis); 



we conceive certain things excluding its present existence。 But; in so 



far as we conceive it in relation to time past; we are assumed to 



conceive something; which recalls the thing to memory; or excites the 



image thereof (II:xviii。&Note); which is so far the same as regarding 



it as present (II:xvii。Coroll。)。 Therefore (IV:ix。) an emotion towards a 



thing contingent; which we know does not exist in the present; is fainter; 



other conditions being equal; than an emotion towards a thing past。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XIV。 A true knowledge of good and evil 



cannot check any emotion by virtue of being true; 



but only in so far as it is considered as an emotion。







Proof。… An emotion is an idea; whereby the mind affirms of its body a 



greater or less force of existing than before (by the general Definition 



of the Emotions); therefore it has no positive quality; which can be 



destroyed by the presence of what is true; consequently the knowledge 



of good and evil cannot; by virtue oi being true; restrain any emotion。  



But; in so far as such knowledge is an emotion (IV:viii。) if it have 



more strength for restraining emotion; it will to that extent be able 



to restrain the given emotion。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XV。 Desire arising from the 



knowledge of good and bad can be 



quenched or checked by many of the 



other desires arising from the 



emotions whereby we are assailed。







Proof。… From the true knowledge of good and evil; in so far as it is an 



emotion; necessarily arises desire (Def。 of the Emotions; i。); the strength 



of which is proportioned to the strength of the emotion wherefrom it arises 



(III:xxxvii。)。 But; inasmuch as this desire arises (by hypothesis) from the 



fact of our truly understanding anything; it follows that it is also 



present with us; in so far as we are active (III:i。); and must therefore 



be understood through our essence only (III:Def。ii。); consequently 



(III:vii。) its force and increase can be defined solely by human power。 



Again; the desires arising from the emotions whereby we are assailed are 



stronger; in proportion as the said emotions are more vehement; wherefore 



their force and increase must be defined solely by the power of external 



causes; which; when compared with our own power; indefinitely surpass it 



(IV:iii。); hence the desires arising from like emotions may be more 



vehement; than the desire which arises from a true knowledge of good and 



evil; and may; consequently; control or quench it。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XVI。 Desire arising from the knowledge 



of good and evil; in so far as such knowledge 



regards what is future; may be more easily 



contro
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