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the ethics(part iv)-第5部分

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made by everyone to preserve his own being。 Therefore; no one can 



desire; &c。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXII。 No virtue can be conceived 



as prior to this endeavour to preserve 



one's own being。







Proof。… The effort for self…preservation is the essence of a thing 



(III:vii。); therefore; if any virtue could be conceived as prior 



thereto; the essence of a thing would have to be conceived as 



prior to itself; which is obviously absurd。 Therefore no virtue; &c。 



Q。E。D。







Corollary。… The effort for self…preservation is the first and only 



foundation of virtue。 For prior to this principle nothing can be 



conceived; and without it no virtue can be conceived。















Prop。 XXIII。 Man; in so far as he is 



determined to a particular action 



because he has inadequate ideas; 



cannot be absolutely said to act in 



obedience to virtue; he can only be 



so described; in so far as he is 



determined for the action because 



he understands。







Proof。… In so far as a man is determined to an action through having 



inadequate ideas; he is passive (III:i。); that is (III:Def。i。; &iii。); 



he does something; which cannot be perceived solely through his essence; 



that is (by IV:Def。viii。); which does not follow from his virtue。 But; 



in so far as he is determined for an action because he understands; he 



is active; that is; he does something; which is perceived through his 



essence alone; or which adequately follows from his virtue。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXIV。 To act absolutely in obedience 



to virtue is in us the same thing as to act; 



to live; or to preserve one's being (these 



three terms are identical in meaning) in 



accordance with the dictates of reason on the 



basis of seeking what is useful to one's self。







Proof。… To act absolutely in obedience to virtue is nothing else but 



to act according to the laws of one's own nature。 But we only act; in 



so far as we understand (III:iii。) : therefore to act in obedience to 



virtue is in us nothing else but to act; to live; or to preserve one's 



being in obedience to reason; and that on the basis of seeking what is 



useful for us (IV:xxii。Coroll。)。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXV。 No one wishes to preserve his 



being for the sake of anything else。







Proof。… The endeavour; wherewith everything endeavours to persist in its 



being; is defined solely by the essence of the thing itself (III:vii。); 



from this alone; and not from the essence of anything else; it necessarily 



follows (III:vi。) that everyone endeavours to preserve his being。 



Moreover; this proposition is plain from IV:xxii。Coroll。; for if a man 



should endeavour to preserve his being for the sake of anything else; the 



last…named thing would obviously be the basis of virtue; which; by the 



foregoing corollary; is absurd。 Therefore no one; &c。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXVI。 Whatsoever we endeavour in 



obedience to reason is nothing further 



than to understand; neither does the mind; 



in so far as it makes use of reason; judge 



anything to be useful to it; save such 



things as are conducive to understanding。







Proof。… The effort for self…preservation is nothing else but the essence 



of the thing in question (III:vii。); which; in so far as it exists such 



as it is; is conceived to have force for continuing in existence (III:vi。) 



and doing such things as necessarily follow from its given nature (see the 



Def。 of Appetite; II:ix。Note)。 But the essence of reason is nought else but 



our mind; in so far as it clearly and distinctly understands (see the 



definition in II:xl。Note:ii。) ; therefore (III:xl。) whatsoever we endeavour 



in obedience to reason is nothing else but to understand。 Again; since this 



effort of the mind wherewith the mind endeavours; in so far as it reasons; 



to preserve its own being is nothing else but understanding; this effort 



at understanding is (IV:xxii。Coroll。) the first and single basis of virtue; 



nor shall we endeavour to understand things for the sake of any ulterior 



object (IV:xxv。); on the other hand; the mind; in so far as it reasons; 



will not be able to conceive any good for itself; save such things as are 



conducive to understanding。















Prop。 XXVII。 We know nothing to be certainly 



good or evil; save such things as really 



conduce to understanding; or such as are 



able to hinder us from understanding。







Proof。… The mind; in so far as it reasons; desires nothing beyond 



understanding; and judges nothing to be useful to itself; save such 



things as conduce to understanding (by the foregoing Prop。)。 But the 



mind (II:xli。&Note) cannot possess certainty concerning anything; 



except in so far as it has adequate ideas; or (what by II:xl。Note; 



is the same thing) in so far as it reasons。 Therefore we know nothing 



to be good or evil save such things as really conduce; &c。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXVIII。 The mind's highest good is 



the knowledge of God; and the mind's 



highest virtue is to know God。







Proof。… The mind is not capable of understanding anything higher than God; 



that is (I:Def。vi。); than a Being absolutely infinite; and without which 



(I:xv。) nothing can either be or be conceived; therefore (IV:xxvi。; 



&xxvii。); the mind's highest utility or (IV:Def。i。) good is the knowledge



of God。 Again; the mind is active; only in so far as it understands; and 



only to the same extent can it be said absolutely to act virtuously。 The 



mind's absolute virtue is therefore to understand。 Now; as we have already 



shown; the highest that the mind can understand is God; therefore the 



highest virtue of the mind is to understand or to know God。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXIX。 No individual thing; which is 



entirely different from our own nature; 



can help or check our power of activity; and 



absolutely nothing can do us good or harm; 



unless it has something in common with our nature。







Proof。… The power of every individual thing; and consequently the power of 



man; whereby he exists and operates; can only be determined by an 



individual thing (I:xxviii。); whose nature (II:vi。) must be understood 



through the same nature as that; through which human nature is conceived。 



Therefore our power of activity; however it be conceived; can be determined 



and consequently helped or hindered by the power of any other individual 



thing; which has something in common with us; but not by the power of 



anything; of which the nature is entirely different from our own; and 



since we call good or evil that which is the cause of pleasure or pain 



(IV:viii。); that is (III:xi。Note); which increases or diminishes; helps 



or hinders; our power of activity; therefore; that which is entirely; 



different from our nature can neither be to us good nor bad。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXX。 A thing cannot be bad for us 



through the quality which it has in common 



with our nature; but it is bad for us in so 



far as it is contrary to our nature。 







Proof。… We call a thing bad when it is the cause of pain (IV:viii。); that 



is (by the Def。; which see in III:xi。Note); when it diminishes or checks 



our power of action。 Therefore; if anything were bad for us through that 



quality which it has in common with our nature; it would be able 



itself to diminish or check that which it has in common with our nature; 



which (III:iv。) is absurd。 Wherefore nothing can be bad for us through 



that quality which it has in common with us; but; on the other hand; in 



so far as it is bad for us; that is (as we have just shown); in so far as  



it can diminish or check our power of action; it is contrary to our nature。 



Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXXI。 In so far as a thing is in harmony 



with our nature; it is necessarily good。







Proof。… In so far as a thing is in harmony with our nature; it cannot be 



bad for it。 It will therefore necessarily be either good or indifferent。 



If it be assumed that it be neither good nor bad; nothing will follow from 



its nature (IV:Def。i。); which tends to the preservation of our nature; 



that is (by the hypothesis); which tends to the preservation of the thing 



itself; but this (III:vi。) is absurd; therefore; in so far as a thing is 



in harmony with our nature; it is necessarily good。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… Hence it follows; that; in proportion as a thing is in harmony 



with our nature; so is it more useful or better for us; and vice versa; in 



proportion as a thing is more useful for us; so is it more in harmony with 



our nature。 For; in so far as it is not in harmony with our nature; it 



will necessarily be different therefrom or contrary thereto。 If different; 



it can neither be good nor bad (IV:xxix。); if contrary; it will be contrary 



to that which is in harmony with our nature; that is; contrary to what is 



good … in short; bad。 Nothing; therefore; can be good; except in so far as 



it is in harmony with our nature; and hence a thing is useful; in proportion 



as it is in harmony with our nature; and vice versa。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 XXXII。 In so far as men are a prey 



to passion; they cannot; in that respect; 



be said to be naturally in harmony。







Proof。 Things; which are said to be in harmony naturally; are understood to 



agree in power (III:vii。); not in want of power or negation; and 



consequently not in passion (III:iii。Note); wherefore men; in so far as 



they are a prey to their passions; cannot be said to be naturally in 



harmony。 Q。E。D。







Note。… This is also self…evident; for; if we say that white and black only 



agree in the fact that neither is red; we absolutely affirm that
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