ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
ºÏ×âС˵Íø ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

sophist-µÚ1²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡








¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡360¡¡BC

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOPHIST

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡Plato

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡translated¡¡by¡¡Benjamin¡¡Jowett







SOPHIST

¡¡¡¡PERSONS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡DIALOGUE£º¡¡THEODORUS£»¡¡THEAETETUS£»¡¡SOCRATES£»¡¡

An¡¡ELEATIC¡¡STRANGER£»¡¡whom¡¡Theodorus¡¡and¡¡Theaetetus¡¡bring¡¡

with¡¡them£»¡¡The¡¡younger¡¡SOCRATES£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡a¡¡silent¡¡auditor





¡¡¡¡Theodorus¡£¡¡Here¡¡we¡¡are£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡true¡¡to¡¡our¡¡agreement¡¡of

yesterday£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡bring¡¡with¡¡us¡¡a¡¡stranger¡¡from¡¡Elea£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡a

disciple¡¡of¡¡Parmenides¡¡and¡¡Zeno£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡true¡¡philosopher¡£

¡¡¡¡Socrates¡£¡¡Is¡¡he¡¡not¡¡rather¡¡a¡¡god£»¡¡Theodorus£»¡¡who¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡us¡¡in

the¡¡disguise¡¡of¡¡a¡¡stranger£¿¡¡For¡¡Homer¡¡says¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡gods£»¡¡and

especially¡¡the¡¡god¡¡of¡¡strangers£»¡¡are¡¡companions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meek¡¡and

just£»¡¡and¡¡visit¡¡the¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil¡¡among¡¡men¡£¡¡And¡¡may¡¡not¡¡your

companion¡¡be¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡higher¡¡powers£»¡¡a¡¡cross¡­examining¡¡deity£»

who¡¡has¡¡come¡¡to¡¡spy¡¡out¡¡our¡¡weakness¡¡in¡¡argument£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡

cross¡­examine

us£¿

¡¡¡¡Theod¡£¡¡Nay£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disputatious¡¡sort¡­he¡¡is

too¡¡good¡¡for¡¡that¡£¡¡And£»¡¡in¡¡my¡¡opinion£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡god¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡but

divine¡¡he¡¡certainly¡¡is£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡title¡¡which¡¡I¡¡should¡¡

give¡¡to¡¡all

philosophers¡£

¡¡¡¡Soc¡£¡¡Capital£»¡¡my¡¡friend£¡¡¡and¡¡I¡¡may¡¡add¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡almost¡¡as

hard¡¡to¡¡be¡¡discerned¡¡as¡¡the¡¡gods¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡true¡¡philosophers£»¡¡and

such¡¡as¡¡are¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡made¡¡up¡¡for¡¡the¡¡occasion£»¡¡appear¡¡in¡¡various

forms¡¡unrecognized¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ignorance¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡¡¨hover¡¡about

cities£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡Homer¡¡declares£»¡¡looking¡¡from¡¡above¡¡upon¡¡human¡¡life£»¡¡and

some¡¡think¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡can¡¡never¡¡think¡¡enough£»¡¡and

sometimes¡¡they¡¡appear¡¡as¡¡statesmen£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡as¡¡sophists£»¡¡and

then£»¡¡again£»¡¡to¡¡many¡¡they¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡better¡¡than¡¡madmen¡£¡¡I¡¡should

like¡¡to¡¡ask¡¡our¡¡Eleatic¡¡friend£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡would¡¡tell¡¡us£»¡¡what¡¡is¡¡thought

about¡¡them¡¡in¡¡Italy£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡are¡¡applied¡£

¡¡¡¡Theod¡£¡¡What¡¡terms£¿

¡¡¡¡Soc¡£¡¡Sophist£»¡¡statesman£»¡¡philosopher¡£

¡¡¡¡Theod¡£¡¡What¡¡is¡¡your¡¡difficulty¡¡about¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡made¡¡you¡¡ask£¿

¡¡¡¡Soc¡£¡¡I¡¡want¡¡to¡¡know¡¡whether¡¡by¡¡his¡¡countrymen¡¡they¡¡are¡¡regarded¡¡as

one¡¡or¡¡two£»¡¡or¡¡do¡¡they£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡names¡¡are¡¡three£»¡¡distinguish¡¡

also¡¡three

kinds£»¡¡and¡¡assign¡¡one¡¡to¡¡each¡¡name£¿

¡¡¡¡Theod¡£¡¡I¡¡dare¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Stranger¡¡will¡¡not¡¡object¡¡to¡¡discuss¡¡the

question¡£¡¡What¡¡do¡¡you¡¡say£»¡¡Stranger£¿

¡¡¡¡Stranger¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡far¡¡from¡¡objecting£»¡¡Theodorus£»¡¡nor¡¡have¡¡I¡¡any

difficulty¡¡in¡¡replying¡¡that¡¡by¡¡us¡¡they¡¡are¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡three¡£¡¡But¡¡to

define¡¡precisely¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡a¡¡

slight¡¡or

easy¡¡task¡£

¡¡¡¡Theod¡£¡¡You¡¡have¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡light£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡almost¡¡on¡¡the¡¡very

question¡¡which¡¡we¡¡were¡¡asking¡¡our¡¡friend¡¡before¡¡we¡¡came¡¡

hither£»¡¡and¡¡he

excused¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡us£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡does¡¡now¡¡you£»¡¡although¡¡he¡¡admitted¡¡that

the¡¡matter¡¡had¡¡been¡¡fully¡¡discussed£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡he¡¡remembered¡¡the

answer¡£

¡¡¡¡Soc¡£¡¡Then¡¡do¡¡not£»¡¡Stranger£»¡¡deny¡¡us¡¡the¡¡first¡¡favour¡¡which¡¡

we¡¡ask¡¡of

you£º¡¡I¡¡am¡¡sure¡¡that¡¡you¡¡will¡¡not£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡only¡¡beg¡¡of

you¡¡to¡¡say¡¡whether¡¡you¡¡like¡¡and¡¡are¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡long

oration¡¡on¡¡a¡¡subject¡¡which¡¡you¡¡want¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡or¡¡to

proceed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡method¡¡of¡¡question¡¡and¡¡answer¡£¡¡I¡¡remember¡¡hearing¡¡a

very¡¡noble¡¡discussion¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Parmenides¡¡employed¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡of¡¡the

two¡¡methods£»¡¡when¡¡I¡¡was¡¡a¡¡young¡¡man£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡far¡¡advanced¡¡

in¡¡years¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡I¡¡prefer¡¡to¡¡talk¡¡with¡¡another¡¡when¡¡he¡¡responds¡¡pleasantly£»

and¡¡is¡¡light¡¡in¡¡hand£»¡¡if¡¡not£»¡¡I¡¡would¡¡rather¡¡have¡¡my¡¡own¡¡say¡£

¡¡¡¡Soc¡£¡¡Any¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡company¡¡will¡¡respond¡¡kindly¡¡to¡¡you£»

and¡¡you¡¡can¡¡choose¡¡whom¡¡you¡¡like¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡recommend¡¡you¡¡to

take¡¡a¡¡young¡¡person¡­Theaetetus£»¡¡for¡¡example¡­unless¡¡you¡¡have¡¡a

preference¡¡for¡¡some¡¡one¡¡else¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡I¡¡feel¡¡ashamed£»¡¡Socrates£»¡¡being¡¡a¡¡new¡¡comer¡¡into¡¡your

society£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡talking¡¡a¡¡little¡¡and¡¡hearing¡¡others¡¡talk£»¡¡to¡¡be

spinning¡¡out¡¡a¡¡long¡¡soliloquy¡¡or¡¡address£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡show

off¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡true¡¡answer¡¡will¡¡certainly¡¡be¡¡a¡¡very¡¡long¡¡one£»¡¡a¡¡great

deal¡¡longer¡¡than¡¡might¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡from¡¡such¡¡a¡¡short¡¡and¡¡simple

question¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡I¡¡fear¡¡that¡¡I¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡rude¡¡and¡¡

ungracious

if¡¡I¡¡refuse¡¡your¡¡courteous¡¡request£»¡¡especially¡¡after¡¡what¡¡you¡¡have

said¡£¡¡For¡¡I¡¡certainly¡¡cannot¡¡object¡¡to¡¡your¡¡proposal£»¡¡that

Theaetetus¡¡should¡¡respond£»¡¡having¡¡already¡¡conversed¡¡with¡¡him¡¡myself£»

and¡¡being¡¡recommended¡¡by¡¡you¡¡to¡¡take¡¡him¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaetetus¡£¡¡But¡¡are¡¡you¡¡sure£»¡¡Stranger£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡will¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡so

acceptable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡company¡¡as¡¡Socrates¡¡imagines£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡You¡¡hear¡¡them¡¡applauding£»¡¡Theaetetus£»¡¡after¡¡that£»¡¡there¡¡is

nothing¡¡more¡¡to¡¡be¡¡said¡£¡¡Well¡¡then£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡to¡¡argue¡¡with¡¡you£»¡¡

and¡¡if¡¡you

tire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡argument£»¡¡you¡¡may¡¡complain¡¡of¡¡your¡¡friends¡¡and¡¡not¡¡of¡¡me¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡that¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡tire£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡I¡¡do£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡get

my¡¡friend¡¡here£»¡¡young¡¡Socrates£»¡¡the¡¡namesake¡¡of¡¡the¡¡elder¡¡

Socrates£»¡¡to

help£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡about¡¡my¡¡own¡¡age£»¡¡and¡¡my¡¡partner¡¡at¡¡the¡¡gymnasium£»¡¡and

is¡¡constantly¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡work¡¡with¡¡me¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Very¡¡good£»¡¡you¡¡can¡¡decide¡¡about¡¡that¡¡for¡¡yourself¡¡as¡¡we

proceed¡£¡¡Meanwhile¡¡you¡¡and¡¡I¡¡will¡¡begin¡¡together¡¡and¡¡enquire¡¡into

the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sophist£»¡¡first¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three£º¡¡I¡¡should¡¡like¡¡you¡¡to

make¡¡out¡¡what¡¡he¡¡is¡¡and¡¡bring¡¡him¡¡to¡¡light¡¡in¡¡a¡¡discussion£»¡¡for¡¡at

present¡¡we¡¡are¡¡only¡¡agreed¡¡about¡¡the¡¡name£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡which

we¡¡both¡¡apply¡¡the¡¡name¡¡possibly¡¡you¡¡have¡¡one¡¡notion¡¡and¡¡I¡¡another£»

whereas¡¡we¡¡ought¡¡always¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡an¡¡understanding¡¡about¡¡the¡¡thing

itself¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡a¡¡definition£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡about¡¡the¡¡name¡¡minus

the¡¡definition¡£¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡tribe¡¡of¡¡Sophists¡¡which¡¡we¡¡are¡¡investigating

is¡¡not¡¡easily¡¡caught¡¡or¡¡defined£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡world¡¡has¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡agreed£»

that¡¡if¡¡great¡¡subjects¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡adequately¡¡treated£»¡¡they¡¡must¡¡be

studied¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lesser¡¡and¡¡easier¡¡instances¡¡of¡¡them¡¡before¡¡we¡¡proceed

to¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡all¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡I¡¡know¡¡that¡¡the¡¡tribe¡¡of¡¡Sophists¡¡is

troublesome¡¡and¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡be¡¡caught£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡recommend¡¡that¡¡

we¡¡practise

beforehand¡¡the¡¡method¡¡which¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡him¡¡on¡¡some¡¡

simple¡¡and

smaller¡¡thing£»¡¡unless¡¡you¡¡can¡¡suggest¡¡a¡¡better¡¡way¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Indeed¡¡I¡¡cannot¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Then¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡we¡¡work¡¡out¡¡some¡¡lesser¡¡example¡¡

which¡¡will¡¡be

a¡¡pattern¡¡of¡¡the¡¡greater£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Good¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡What¡¡is¡¡there¡¡which¡¡is¡¡well¡¡known¡¡and¡¡not¡¡great£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡yet

as¡¡susceptible¡¡of¡¡definition¡¡as¡¡any¡¡larger¡¡thing£¿¡¡Shall¡¡I¡¡say¡¡an

angler£¿¡¡He¡¡is¡¡familiar¡¡to¡¡all¡¡of¡¡us£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡a¡¡very¡¡interesting¡¡or

important¡¡person¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡not¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Yet¡¡I¡¡suspect¡¡that¡¡he¡¡will¡¡furnish¡¡us¡¡with¡¡the¡¡sort¡¡of

definition¡¡and¡¡line¡¡of¡¡enquiry¡¡which¡¡we¡¡want¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Very¡¡good¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡begin¡¡by¡¡asking¡¡whether¡¡he¡¡is¡¡a¡¡man¡¡having¡¡art¡¡or¡¡not

having¡¡art£»¡¡but¡¡some¡¡other¡¡power¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡clearly¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡art¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡of¡¡arts¡¡there¡¡are¡¡two¡¡kinds£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡What¡¡are¡¡they£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡agriculture£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tending¡¡of¡¡mortal¡¡creatures£»

and¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡constructing¡¡or¡¡moulding¡¡vessels£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡is¡¡the

art¡¡of¡¡imitation¡­all¡¡these¡¡may¡¡be¡¡appropriately¡¡called¡¡by¡¡a¡¡single

name¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡What¡¡do¡¡you¡¡mean£¿¡¡And¡¡what¡¡is¡¡the¡¡name£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡He¡¡who¡¡brings¡¡into¡¡existence¡¡something¡¡that¡¡did¡¡not¡¡exist

before¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡producer£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡brought¡¡into

existence¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡be¡¡produced¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡True¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡all¡¡the¡¡arts¡¡which¡¡were¡¡just¡¡now¡¡mentioned¡¡are

characterized¡¡by¡¡this¡¡power¡¡of¡¡producing£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Then¡¡let¡¡us¡¡sum¡¡them¡¡up¡¡under¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡productive¡¡or

creative¡¡art¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Very¡¡good¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Next¡¡follows¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡class¡¡of¡¡learning¡¡and¡¡cognition£»¡¡then

comes¡¡trade£»¡¡fighting£»¡¡hunting¡£¡¡And¡¡since¡¡none¡¡of¡¡these¡¡produces

anything£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡only¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡conquering¡¡by¡¡word¡¡or¡¡deed£»¡¡or¡¡in

preventing¡¡others¡¡from¡¡conquering£»¡¡things¡¡which¡¡exist¡¡and¡¡have¡¡been

already¡¡produced¡­in¡¡each¡¡and¡¡all¡¡of¡¡these¡¡branches¡¡there¡¡

appears¡¡to¡¡be

an¡¡art¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡called¡¡acquisitive¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Yes£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡name¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Seeing£»¡¡then£»¡¡that¡¡all¡¡arts¡¡are¡¡either¡¡acquisitive¡¡or¡¡

creative£»

in¡¡which¡¡class¡¡shall¡¡we¡¡place¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡the¡¡angler£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Clearly¡¡in¡¡the¡¡acquisitive¡¡class¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡acquisitive¡¡may¡¡be¡¡subdivided¡¡into¡¡two¡¡parts£º¡¡there

is¡¡exchange£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡voluntary¡¡and¡¡is¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡gifts£»¡¡hire£»

purchase£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡part¡¡of¡¡acquisitive£»¡¡which¡¡takes¡¡by¡¡force¡¡of

word¡¡or¡¡deed£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡termed¡¡conquest£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡That¡¡is¡¡implied¡¡in¡¡what¡¡has¡¡been¡¡said¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡may¡¡not¡¡conquest¡¡be¡¡again¡¡subdivided£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡How£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Open¡¡force¡¡may£»¡¡be¡¡called¡¡fighting£»¡¡and¡¡secret¡¡force¡¡may¡¡have

the¡¡general¡¡name¡¡of¡¡hunting£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Yes¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡hunting¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be

further¡¡divided¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡How¡¡would¡¡you¡¡make¡¡the¡¡division£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Into¡¡the¡¡hunting¡¡of¡¡living¡¡and¡¡of¡¡lifeless¡¡prey¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Yes£»¡¡if¡¡both¡¡kinds¡¡exist¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Of¡¡course¡¡they¡¡exist£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡hunting¡¡after¡¡lifeless¡¡things

having¡¡no¡¡special¡¡name£»¡¡except¡¡some¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡diving£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡small

matters£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡omitted£»¡¡the¡¡hunting¡¡after¡¡living¡¡things¡¡may¡¡

be¡¡called

animal¡¡hunting¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Yes¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡animal¡¡hunting¡¡may¡¡be¡¡truly¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡two¡¡divisions£»

land¡­animal¡¡hunting£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡many¡¡kinds¡¡and¡¡names£»¡¡and¡¡

water¡­animals

hunting£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡hunting¡¡after¡¡animals¡¡who¡¡swim£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡True¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡of¡¡swimming¡¡animals£»¡¡one¡¡class¡¡lives¡¡on¡¡the¡¡wing¡¡and¡¡the

other¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Certainly¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡Fowling¡¡is¡¡the¡¡general¡¡term¡¡under¡¡which¡¡the¡¡hunting¡¡of¡¡all

birds¡¡is¡¡included¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡True¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡The¡¡hunting¡¡of¡¡animals¡¡who¡¡live¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water¡¡has¡¡the¡¡general

name¡¡of¡¡fishing¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Yes¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡hunting¡¡may¡¡be¡¡further¡¡divided¡¡also¡¡into¡¡two

principal¡¡kinds£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡What¡¡are¡¡they£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡one¡¡kind¡¡which¡¡takes¡¡them¡¡in¡¡nets£»¡¡another¡¡

which¡¡takes

them¡¡by¡¡a¡¡blow¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡What¡¡do¡¡you¡¡mean£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡do¡¡you¡¡distinguish¡¡them£¿

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡the¡¡first¡¡kind¡­all¡¡that¡¡surrounds¡¡and¡¡encloses¡¡anything

to¡¡prevent¡¡egress£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡rightly¡¡called¡¡an¡¡enclosure¡£

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡Very¡¡true¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡For¡¡which¡¡reason¡¡twig¡¡baskets£»¡¡casting¡¡nets£»¡¡nooses£»¡¡creels£»

and¡¡the¡¡like¡¡may¡¡all¡¡be¡¡termed¡¡¡¨enclosures¡¨£¿

¡¡¡¡Theaet¡£¡¡True¡£

¡¡¡¡Str¡£¡¡And¡¡therefore¡¡this¡¡first¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡capture¡¡may¡¡be¡¡called¡¡by¡¡us

capture¡¡with¡¡enclosures£»¡¡or¡¡something¡¡of¡¡that¡¡sort£¿

¡¡
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡