the passing of the frontier-第2部分

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ttle　industry　of　the　West。　Visionary；　impractical；　restless；　adventurous；　these　later　Elizabethan　heroesbowing　to　no　yoke；　insisting　on　their　own　rights　and　scorning　often　the　laws　of　others；　yet　careful　to　retain　the　best　and　most　advantageous　customs　of　any　conquered　countrynaturally　came　from　those　nearest　Elizabethan　countries　which　lay　abandoned　behind　them。

If　the　atmosphere　of　the　Elizabethan　Age　still　may　be　found　in　the　forgotten　Cumberlands；　let　us　lay　claim　to　kinship　with　yonder　roystering　heroes　of　a　gallant　day；　for　this　was　ever　the　atmosphere　of　our　own　frontier。　To　feel　again　the　following　breezes　of　the　Golden　Hind；　or　see　again；　floating　high　in　the　cloudless　skies；　the　sails　of　the　Great　Armada；　was　the　privilege　of　Americans　for　a　double　decade　within　the　memory　of　men　yet　living；　in　that　country；　so　unfailingly　beloved；　which　we　call　the　Old　West　of　America。



Chapter　II。　The　Range

When；　in　1803；　those　two　immortal　youths；　Meriwether　Lewis　and　William　Clark；　were　about　to　go　forth　on　their　great　journey　across　the　continent；　they　were　admonished　by　Thomas　Jefferson　that　they　would　in　all　likelihood　encounter　in　their　travels；　living　and　stalking　about；　the　mammoth　or　the　mastodon；　whose　bones　had　been　found　in　the　great　salt…licks　of　Kentucky。　We　smile　now　at　such　a　supposition；　yet　it　was　not　unreasonable　then。　No　man　knew　that　tremendous　country　that　lay　beyond　the　mouth　of　the　Missouri。

The　explorers　crossed　one　portion　of　a　vast　land　which　was　like　to　nothing　they　had　ever　seenthe　region　later　to　become　the　great　cattle…range　of　America。　It　reached；　although　they　could　know　nothing　of　that；　from　the　Spanish　possessions　on　the　south　across　a　thousand　miles　of　short　grass　lands　to　the　present　Canadian　boundary　line　which　certain　obdurate　American　souls　still　say　ought　to　have　been　at　54　degrees　40　minutes；　and　not　where　it　is！　From　the　Rio　Grande　to　〃Fifty…four　forty；〃　indeed；　would　have　made　nice　measurements　for　the　Saxon　cattle…range。

Little；　however；　was　the　value　of　this　land　understood　by　the　explorers；　and；　for　more　than　half　a　century　afterwards；　it　commonly　was　supposed　to　be　useless　for　the　occupation　of　white　men　and　suitable　only　as　a　hunting…ground　for　savage　tribes。　Most　of　us　can　remember　the　school　maps　of　our　own　youth；　showing　a　vast　region　marked；　vaguely；　〃The　Great　American　Desert；〃　which　was　considered　hopeless　for　any　human　industry；　but　much　of　which　has　since　proved　as　rich　as　any　land　anywhere　on　the　globe。

Perhaps　it　was　the　treeless　nature　of　the　vast　Plains　which　carried　the　first　idea　of　their　infertility。　When　the　first　settlers　of　Illinois　and　Indiana　came　up　from　south　of　the　Ohio　River　they　had　their　choice　of　timber　and　prairie　lands。　Thinking　the　prairies　worthlesssince　land　which　could　not　raise　a　tree　certainly　could　not　raise　cropsthese　first　occupants　of　the　Middle　West　spent　a　generation　or　more；　axe　in　hand；　along　the　heavily　timbered　river…bottoms。　The　prairies　were　long　in　settling。　No　one　then　could　have　predicted　that　farm　lands　in　that　region　would　be　worth　three　hundred　dollars　an　acre　or　better；　and　that　these　prairies　of　the　Mississippi　Valley　would；　in　a　few　generations；　be　studded　with　great　towns　and　would　form　a　part　of　the　granary　of　the　world。

But；　if　our　early　explorers；　passing　beyond　the　valley　of　the　Missouri；　found　valueless　the　region　of　the　Plains　and　the　foothills；　not　so　the　wild　creatures　or　the　savage　men　who　had　lived　there　longer　than　science　records。　The　buffalo　then　ranged　from　the　Rio　Grande　to　the　Athabaska；　from　the　Missouri　to　the　Rockies；　and　beyond。　No　one　seems　to　have　concluded　in　those　days　that　there　was　after　all　slight　difference　between　the　buffalo　and　the　domestic　ox。　The　native　cattle；　however；　in　untold　thousands　and　millions；　had　even　then　proved　beyond　peradventure　the　sustaining　and　strengthening　nature　of　the　grasses　of　the　Plains。

Now；　each　creature；　even　of　human　species；　must　adjust　itself　to　its　environment。　Having　done　so；　commonly　it　is　disposed　to　love　that　environment。　The　Eskimo　and　the　Zulu　each　thinks　that　he　has　the　best　land　in　the　world：　So　with　the　American　Indian；　who；　supported　by　the　vast　herds　of　buffalo；　ranged　all　over　that　tremendous　country　which　was　later　to　be　given　over　to　the　white　man　with　his　domestic　cattle。　No　freer　life　ever　was　lived　by　any　savages　than　by　the　Horse　Indians　of　the　Plains　in　the　buffalo　days；　and　never　has　the　world　known　a　physically　higher　type　of　savage。

On　the　buffalo…rangethat　is　to　say；　on　the　cattle…range　which　was　to　beLewis　and　Clark　met　several　bands　of　the　Siouxthe　Mandans　and　the　Assiniboines；　the　Blackfeet；　the　Shoshones。　Farther　south　were　the　Pawnees；　the　Kaws；　the　Otoes；　the　Osages；　most　of　whom　depended　in　part　upon　the　buffalo　for　their　living；　though　the　Otoes；　the　Pawnees；　the　Mandans；　and　certain　others　now　and　then　raised　a　little　corn　or　a　few　squashes　to　help　out　their　bill　of　fare。　Still　farther　south　dwelt　the　Kiowas；　the　Comanches；　and　others。　The　Arapahoes；　the　Cheyennes；　the　Crows；　and　the　Utes；　all　hunters；　were　soon　to　come　into　the　ken　of　the　white　man。　Of　such　of　these　tribes　as　they　met；　the　youthful　captains　made　accounting；　gravely　and　with　extraordinary　accuracy；　but　without　discovering　in　this　region　much　future　for　Americans。　They　were　explorers　and　not　industrial　investigators。

It　was　nearly　half　a　century　after　the　journey　of　Lewis　and　Clark　that　the　Forty…Niners　were　crossing　the　Plains；　whither；　meanwhile；　the　Mormons　had　trekked　in　search　of　a　country　where　they　might　live　as　they　liked。　Still　the　wealth　of　the　Plains　remained　untouched。　California　was　in　the　eyes　of　the　world。　The　great　cow…range　was　overleaped。　But；　in　the　early　fifties；　when　the　placer　fields　of　California　began　to　be　less　numerous　and　less　rich；　the　half…savage　population　of　the　mines　roared　on　northward；　even　across　our　northern　line。　Soon　it　was　to　roll　back。　Next　it　worked　east　and　southeast　and　northeast　over　the　great　dry　plains　of　Washington　and　Oregon；　so　that；　as　readily　may　be　seen；　the　cow…range　proper　was　not　settled　as　most　of　the　West　was；　by　a　directly　westbound　thrust　of　an　eastern　population；　but；　on　the　contrary；　it　was　approached　from　several　different　anglesfrom　the　north；　from　the　east；　from　the　west　and　northwest；　and　finally　from　the　south。

The　early；　turbulent　population　of　miners　and　adventurers　was　crude；　lawless；　and　aggressive。　It　cared　nothing　whatever　for　the　Indian　tribes。　War；　instant　and　merciless；　where　it　meant　murder　for　the　most　part；　was　set　on　foot　as　soon　as　white　touched　red　in　that　far　western　region。

All　these　new　white　men　who　had　crowded　into　the　unknown　country　of　the　Plains；　the　Rockies；　the　Sierras；　and　the　Cascades；　had　to　be　fed。　They　could　not　employ　and　remain　content　with　the　means　by　which　the　red　man　there　had　always　fed　himself。　Hence　a　new　industry　sprang　up　in　the　United　States；　which　of　itself　made　certain　history　in　that　land。　The　business　of　freighting　supplies　to　the　West；　whether　by　bull…train　or　by　pack…train；　was　an　industry　sui　generic；　very　highly　specialized；　and　pursued　by　men　of　great　business　ability　as　well　as　by　men　of　great　hardihood　and　daring。

Each　of　these　freight　trains　which　went　West　carried　hanging　on　its　flank　more　and　more　of　the　white　men。　As　the　trains　returned；　more　and　more　was　learned　in　the　States　of　the　new　country　which　lay　between　the　Missouri　and　the　Rockies；　which　ran　no　man　knew　how　far　north；　and　no　man　could　guess　how　far　south。　Now　appears　in　history　Fort　Benton；　on　the　Missouri；　the　great　northern　supply　postjust　as　at　an　earlier　date　there　had　appeared　Fort　Hall；　one　of　the　old　fur…trading　posts　beyond　the　Rockies；　Bent's　Fort　on　the　Arkansas；　and　many　other　outposts　of　the　new　Saxon　civilization　in　the　West。

Later　came　the　pony　express　and　the　stage　coach　which　made　history　and　romance　for　a　generation。　Feverishly；　boisterously；　a　strong；　rugged；　womanless　population　crowded　westward　and　formed　the　wavering；　now　advancing；　now　receding　line　of　the　great　frontier　of　American　story。

But　for　long　there　was　no　sign　of　permanent　settlement　on　the　Plains；　and　no　one　thought　of　this　region　as　the　frontier。　The　men　there　who　were　prospecting　and　exploiting　were　classified　as　no　more　than　adventurers。　No　one　seems　to　have　taken　a　lesson　from　the　Indian　and　the　buffalo。　The　reports　of　Fremont　long　since　had　called　attention　to　the　nourishing　quality　of　those　grasses　of　the　high　country；　but　the　day　of　the　cowboy　had　not　yet　dawned。　There　is　a　somewhat　feeble　story　which　runs　to　the　effect　that　in　1866　one　of　the　great　wagon…trains；　caught　by　the　early　snows　of　winter；　was　obliged　to　abandon　its　oxen　on　the　range。　It　was　supposed　that；　of　course；　the　oxen　must　perish　during　the　winter。　But　next　spring　the　owners　were　surprised　to　find　that　the　oxen；　so　far　from　perishing；　had　flourished　very　muchindeed；　were　fat　and　in　good　condition。　So　runs　the　story　which　is　often　repeated。　It　may　be　true；　but　to　accredit　to　this　incident　the　beginnings　of　the　cattle　industry　in　the　Indian　country　would　surely　be　going　too　far。　The　truth　is　that　the　cow　industry　was　not　a　Saxon　discovery。　It　was　a　Latin　enterprise；　flourishing　in　Mexico　long　before　the　first　of　these　miners　and　adventurers　came　on　the　range。

Something　was　known　of　the　Spanish　lands　to　the　south　through　the　explorations　of　Pike；　but　more　through　the　commerce　of　the　prairiesthe　old　wagon　trade　from　the　Missouri　River　to　the　Spanish　cities　of　Sante　Fe　and　Chihuahua。　Now　the　cow　business；　south　of　the　Rio　Grande；　was　already　well　differentiated　and　developed　at　the　time　the　first　adventurers　from　the　United　States　went　into　Texas　and　began　to　crowd　their　Latin　neighbors　for　more　room。　There　it　was　that　our　Saxon　frontiersmen　first　discovered　the　cattle　industry。　But　these　southern　and　northern　riflemenruthless　and　savage；　yet　strangely　statesmanlikethough　they　might　betimes　drive　away　the　owners　of　the　herds；　troubled　little　about　the　herds　themselves。　There　was　a　certain　fascination　to　these　rude　strangers　in　the　slow　and　easeful　civilization　of　Old　Spain　which　they　encountered　in　the　land　below　them。　Little　by　little；　and　then　largely　and　yet　more　largely；　the　warriors　of　San　Jaci