the ethics(part iii)-第7部分

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which　only　one　person　can　possess；　we　shall　endeavour　to　bring



it　about　that　the　man　in　question　shall　not　gain　possession　thereof。







》》》》》ProofFrom　the　mere　fact　of　our　conceiving　that　another



person　takes　delight　in　a　thing　（III。　xxvii。　and　Cor。）　we　shall



ourselves　love　that　thing　and　desire　to　take　delight　therein。　　But



we　assumed　that　the　pleasure　in　question　would　be　prevented　by



another's　delight　in　its　object；　we　shall；　therefore；　endeavour　to



prevent　his　possession　thereof　（III。　xxviii。）。　　Q。E。D。







*****NoteWe　thus　see　that　man's　nature　is　generally　so



constituted；　that　he　takes　pity　on　those　who　fare　ill；　and　envies



those　who　fare　well　with　an　amount　of　hatred　proportioned　to



his　own　love　for　the　goods　in　their　possession。　　Further；　we　see



that　from　the　same　property　of　human　nature；　whence　it　follows



that　men　are　merciful；　it　follows　also　that　they　are　envious　and



ambitious。　　Lastly；　if　we　make　appeal　to　Experience；　we　shall



find　that　she　entirely　confirms　what　we　have　said；　more　especially



if　we　turn　our　attention　to　the　first　years　of　our　life。　　We　find　that



children；　whose　body　is　continually；　as　it　were；　in　equilibrium；



laugh　or　cry　simply　because　they　see　others　laughing　or　crying；



moreover；　they　desire　forthwith　to　imitate　whatever　they　see



others　doing；　and　to　possess　themselves　of　whatever　they



conceive　as　delighting　others：　　inasmuch　as　the　images　of　things



are；　as　we　have　said；　modifications　of　the　human　body；　or



modes　wherein　the　human　body　is　affected　and　disposed　by



external　causes　to　act　in　this　or　that　manner。







XXXIII。　When　we　love　a　thing　similar　to　ourselves　we　endeavour；



as　far　as　we　can；　to　bring　about　that　it　should　love　us　in　return。







》》》》》ProofThat　which　we　love　we　endeavour；　as　far　as　we



can；　to　conceive　in　preference　to　anything　else　（III。　xii。）。　　If　the



thing　be　similar　to　ourselves；　we　shall　endeavour　to　affect　it



pleasurably　in　preference　to　anything　else　（III。　xxix。）。　　In　other



words；　we　shall　endeavour；　as　far　as　we　can；　to　bring　it　about；



that　the　thing　should　be　affected　with　pleasure　accompanied　by



the　idea　of　ourselves；　that　is　（III。　xiii。　note）；　that　it　should　love



us　in　return。　　Q。E。D。







XXXIV。　The　greater　the　emotion　with　which　we　conceive　a



loved　object　to　be　affected　towards　us；　the　greater　will　be　our



complacency。







》》》》》ProofWe　endeavour　（III。　xxxiii。）；　as　far　as　we　can；　to



bring　about；　that　what　we　love　should　love　us　in　return：　　in　other



words；　that　what　we　love　should　be　affected　with　pleasure



accompanied　by　the　idea　of　ourself　as　cause。　　Therefore；　in



proportion　as　the　loved　object　is　more　pleasurably　affected



because　of　us；　our　endeavour　will　be　assisted。　that　is　（III。　xi。



and　note）　the　greater　will　be　our　pleasure。　　But　when　we　take



pleasure　in　the　fact；　that　we　pleasurably　affect　something　similar



to　ourselves；　we　regard　ourselves　with　pleasure　（III。　xxx）；



therefore　the　greater　the　emotion　with　which　we　conceive　a



loved　object　to　be　affected；　&c。　　Q。E。D。







XXXV。　If　anyone　conceives；　that　an　object　of　his　love　joins



itself　to　another　with　closer　bonds　of　friendship　than　he　himself



has　attained　to；　he　will　be　affected　with　hatred　towards　the



loved　object　and　with　envy　towards　his　rival。







》》》》》ProofIn　proportion　as　a　man　thinks；　that　a　loved



object　is　well　affected　towards　him；　will　be　the　strength　of



his　self…approval　（by　the　last　Prop。）；　that　is　（III。　xxx。　note）；



of　his　pleasure；　he　will；　therefore　（III。　xxviii。）；　endeavour；



as　far　as　he　can；　to　imagine　the　loved　object　as　most　closely



bound　to　him：　　this　endeavour　or　desire　will　be　increased；　if



he　thinks　that　someone　else　has　a　similar　desire　（III。　xxxi。）。



But　this　endeavour　or　desire　is　assumed　to　be　checked　by



the　image　of　the　loved　object　in　conjunction　with　the　image



of　him　whom　the　loved　object　has　joined　to　itself；　therefore



（III。　xi。　note）　he　will　for　that　reason　be　affected　with　pain；



accompanied　by　the　idea　of　the　loved　object　as　a　cause　in



conjunction　with　the　image　of　his　rival；　that　is；　he　will　be



（III。　xiii。）　affected　with　hatred　towards　the　loved　object



and　also　towards　his　rival　（III。　xv。　Cor。）；　which　latter　he



will　envy　as　enjoying　the　beloved　object。　　Q。E。D。







*****NoteThis　hatred　towards　an　object　of　love　joined



with　envy　is　called　〃Jealousy；〃　which　accordingly　is　nothing



else　but　a　wavering　of　the　disposition　arising　from　combined



love　and　hatred；　accompanied　by　the　idea　of　some　rival　who



is　envied。　　Further；　this　hatred　towards　the　object　of　love　will



be　greater；　in　proportion　to　the　pleasure　which　the　jealous



man　had　been　wont　to　derive　from　the　reciprocated　love　of



the　said　object；　and　also　in　proportion　to　the　feelings　he　had



previously　entertained　towards　his　rival。　　If　he　had　hated　him；



he　will　forthwith　hate　the　object　of　his　love；　because　he



conceives　it　is　pleasurably　affected　by　one　whom　he　himself



hates：　　and　also　because　he　is　compelled　to　associate　the　image



of　his　loved　one　with　the　image　of　him　whom　he　hates。　　This



condition　generally　comes　into　play　in　the　case　of　love　for　a



woman：　　for　he　who　thinks；　that　a　woman　whom　he　loves



prostitutes　herself　to　another；　will　feel　pain；　not　only　because



his　own　desire　is　restrained；　but　also　because；　being　compelled



to　associate　the　image　of　her　he　loves　with　the　parts　of　shame



and　the　excreta　of　another；　he　therefore　shrinks　from　her。







We　must　add；　that　a　jealous　man　is　not　greeted　by　his　beloved



with　the　same　joyful　countenance　as　before；　and　this　also　gives



him　pain　as　a　lover；　as　I　will　now　show。







XXXVI。　He　who　remembers　a　thing；　in　which　he　has　once　taken



delight；　desires　to　possess　it　under　the　same　circumstances　as



when　he　first　took　delight　therein。







》》》》》ProofEverything；　which　a　man　has　seen　in　conjunction



with　the　object　of　his　love；　will　be　to　him　accidentally　a　cause　of



pleasure　（III。　xv。）；　he　will；　therefore；　desire　to　possess　it；　in



conjunction　with　that　wherein　he　has　taken　delight；　in　other　words；



he　will　desire　to　possess　the　object　of　his　love　under　the　same



circumstances　as　when　he　first　took　delight　therein。　　Q。E。D。







ProofFor；　in　so　far　as　he　finds　some　circumstance　to



be　missing；　he　conceives　something　which　excludes　its　existence。



As　he　is　assumed　to　be　desirous　for　love's　sake　of　that　thing　or



circumstance　（by　the　last　Prop。）；　he　will；　in　so　far　as　he　conceives



it　to　be　missing；　feel　pain　（III。　xix。）。　　Q。E。D。







*****This　pain；　in　so　far　as　it　has　reference　to　the　absence　of



the　object　of　love；　is　called　〃Regret。〃







XXXVII。　Desire　arising　through　pain　or　pleasure；　hatred　or



love；　is　greater　in　proportion　as　the　emotion　is　greater。







》》》》》ProofPain　diminishes　or　constrains　a　man's　power



of　activity　（III。　xi。　note）；　in　other　words　（III。　vii。）；　diminishes　or



constrains　the　effort；　wherewith　he　endeavours　to　persist　in　his



own　being；　therefore　（III。　v。）　it　is　contrary　to　the　said　endeavour：



thus　all　the　endeavours　of　a　man　affected　by　pain　are　directed



to　removing　that　pain。　　But　（by　the　definition　of　pain）；　in　proportion



as　the　pain　is　greater；　so　also　is　it　necessarily　opposed　to　a　greater



part　of　man's　power　of　activity；　therefore　the　greater　the　pain；



the　greater　the　power　of　activity　employed　to　remove　it；　that　is；



the　greater　will　be　the　desire　or　appetite　in　endeavouring　to



remove　it。　　Again；　since　pleasure　（III。　xi。　note）　increases　or　aids



a　man's　power　of　activity；　it　may　easily　be　shown　in　like　manner；



that　a　man　affected　by　pleasure　has　no　desire　further　than　to



preserve　it；　and　his　desire　will　be　in　proportion　to　the　magnitude



of　the　pleasure。







Lastly；　since　hatred　and　love　are　themselves　emotions　of　pain



and　pleasure；　it　follows　in　like　manner　that　the　endeavour；　appetite；



or　desire；　which　arises　through　hatred　or　love；　will　be　greater　in



proportion　to　the　hatred　or　love。　　Q。E。D。







XXXVIII。　If　a　man　has　begun　to　hate　an　object　of　his　love；　so



that　love　is　thoroughly　destroyed；　he　will；　causes　being　equal；



regard　it　with　more　hatred　than　if　he　had　never　loved　it；　and



his　hatred　will　be　in　proportion　to　the　strength　of　his　former　love。







》》》》》ProofIf　a　man　begins　to　hate　that　which　he　had　loved；



more　of　his　appetites　are　put　under　restraint　than　if　he　had　never



loved　it。　　For　love　is　a　pleasure　（III。　xiii。　note）　which　a　man



endeavours　as　far　as　he　can　to　render　permanent　（III。　xxviii。）；



he　does　so　by　regarding　the　object　of　his　love　as　present；　and



by　affecting　it　as　far　as　he　can　pleasurably；　this　endeavour　is



greater　in　proportion　as　the　love　is　greater；　and　so　also　is　the



endeavour　to　bring　about　that　the　beloved　should　return　his



affection　（III。　xxxiii。）。　　Now　these　endeavours　are　constrained



by　hatred　towards　the　object　of　love　（III。　xiii。　Cor。　and　III。　xxiii。）；



wherefore　the　love　（III。　xi。　note）　will　for　this　cause　also　be



affected　with　pain；　the　more　so　in　proportion　as　his　love　has



been　greater；　that　is；　in　addition　to　the　pain　caused　by　hatred；



there　is　a　pain　caused　by　the　fact　that　he　has　loved　the　object；



wherefore　the　lover　will　regard　the　beloved　with　greater　pain；



or　in　other　words；　will　hate　it　more　than　if　he　had　never　loved



it；　and　with　the　m