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the high price of bullion-第14部分
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stated by Mr Pearse; and of two millions if Mr Pearse's statement
for any time in January; 1808; be correct。
Mr Pearse's statement too; that from January 1803; to the end
of 1807; the amount of bank…notes had increased from 16 and a
half to eighteen millions; an increase of a million and a half
appears to me to exceed the fact by half a million。 The increase
of notes of 5 l。 and upwards; including bank post bills; did not;
during that period; exceed 150;000 l。 It is material that these
errors should be pointed out; that those who may; in spite of
what I have urged; agree in principle with Mr Pearse; may see
that the facts of the case do not warrant the conclusions which
that gentleman has drawn from them; and; indeed; that all
calculations founded on the particular amount of banknotes for a
day; or for a week; when the general average has been for some
time before; or some time after; greater or less; will be of
little avail in overturning a theory which has every other proof
of its tuth。 Such I consider the theory which asserts that the
unlimited multiplication of a currency which is referrible to no
fixed standard may and must produce a permanent depression of the
exchange; estimated with a country whose currency is founded on
such standard。
Having considered the weight which ought to be attached to Mr
Pearse's paper; I beg the reader's attention to the table which I
have drawn out from the statements in tbe Bullion Report; and
from the papers which have since been presented to the House of
Commons。 I request him to compare the amount of the circulation
of the larger notes with the variations in the exchange; and I
trust he will find no difficulty in reconciling the principle
maintained by me with the actual facts of the case; particularly
if he considers that the operations of an increased currency are
not instantaneous; but require some interval of time to produce
their full effect; … that a rise or fal1 in the price of silver;
as compared with gold; alters the relative value of the
currencies of England and Hamburgh; and therefore makes the
currency of one or other relatively redundant and cheap;…that the
same effect is produced; as I have already stated; by an abundant
or deficient harvest; either in this country or in those
countries with which we trade; or by any other addition or
diminution to their real wealth; which by altering the relative
proportion between commodities and money alters the value of the
circulating medium。 With these corrections; I have no fear but
that it will be found that Mr Pearse's objections may be refuted
without having recourse to the abandonment of a principle; which;
if yielded; will establish the mercantile theory of exchange; and
may be made to account for a drain of circulating medium; so
great; that it can only be counteracted by locking up our money
in the bank; and absolving the directors from the obligation of
paying their notes in specie。
Mr Pearse's statement; as presented to the Bullion Committee:
Total of Bank Notes; Millions; Rate of Hambro'
Exchange
17th February; 1797; 8 1/2; 35s 6g
Rose Gradually in 1797 and 1798 to; 13; 38s 0g
March 1799; 13 1/2; 37s 7g
After this period; great commercial distress; large importation
of corn; heavy subsidies; and the Hambro' Exchange continued
falling; and on the 2d January; 1801 wasas low as; ; 29s 8g
Between the end of the year 1799 to the end of 1802; an increased
quantity of 1 l。 and 2 l。 notes were issued; swelling the sum
total to all notes to; 13 1/2 to 16 1/2; Fluctuation from 33s 3g
to 29s 8g
From January; 1803; to the end of 1807; 16 1/2 to 18; Fluctuation
from 32s 10g to 35s 10g
From January; 1808; to Christmas 1809; 17 1/2 to 18; Fall from
34s 9g to 28s 6g
The rate of the Hambro' Exchange is taken from Lloyd's list。
I have omitted as much of Mr Pearse's paper as regarded the
amount of bank notes in circulation before the restriction on
bank payments; because whilst the public possessed the power of
obtaining specie for their notes; the exchange could not put be
momentarily lowered by the amount of the bank issues。
The average amount of bank notes from the year 1797 to 1809
inclusive; in the following table; is copied from the Report of
the Bullion Committee。 The rates of exchange are extracted from a
list presented by the mint to parliament。 There have been three
returns made to parliament by the Bank; of the amount of their
notes in circulation in the year 1810; the first for the 7th and
12th of each month; the second a weekly return from the 19th
January; 1810; to 28th December; and the third also a weekly
account from the 3d March to 29th December; 1810。 The average
amount of notes above 5 l。 including bank post bills; according
to the first account is
*15;706;226 of notes under 5 l。 *6;560;674
Second。。。 16;192;110 6;758;895
Third。。。 16;358;230 6;614;721
3) 48;256;566 19;934;290
General average 16;085;522 6;644;763
In the years marked thus * the value of silver as compared
with gold exceeded the mint valuation;…this was the case
particularly in the year 1801; when less than 14 oz。 of silver
could purchase an ounce of gold; … the mint valuation is as 1 to
15。07; the present market value is as 1 to 16 nearly。
Average amount of Bank of England Notes in circulation in each of
the following years:
Notes of 5 l。 and upwards; including Bank Post Bills; Notes under
5 l。; Total; Highest rate of Exchange with Hamburgh; Lowest rate
of Exchange with Hamburgh
1798; *11;527;250; *1;807;502; *13;334;752; 38。2 Jan。; 37。4 Dec。
1799; 12;408;522; 1;653;805; 14;062;327; 37。7 Jan。; 31。6 Oct。
1800; 13;598;666; 2;243;266; 15;841;932; 32。5 May; 31。0 Feb。
1801; 13;454;367; 2;715;182; 16;169;594; 31。8 Oct。; 29。8 Jan。
1802; 13;917;977; 3;136;477; 17;054;454; 34。0 Dec。; 32。0 Feb。
1803; 12;983;477; 3;864;045; 16;847;511; 35。0 Dec。; 34。0 Jan。
1804; 12;621;348; 4;723;672; 17;345;020; 36。0 Dec。; 34。8 Feb。
1805; 12;697;352; 4;544;580; 17;241;932; 35。8 March; 32。8 Feb。
1806; 12;844;170; 4;291;230; 17;135;400; 34。8 Dec。; 33。3 Jan。
1807; 13;221;988; 4;183;013; 17;405;001; 34。1 March; 34。2
Sept。
1808; 13;402;160; 4;132;420; 17;534;580; 35。3 July; 32。4 Dec。
1809; 14;133;615; 4;868;275; 19;001;890; 31。3 Jan。; 28。6 Nov。
1810; 16;085;522; 6;644;763; 22;730;285; 31。2 June; 28。6 Dec。
1811; ; 26。6 Jan。; 24。0 March
The Bank have made a return of the amount of their notes for
eighteen days in this present year 1811。 The average amount of
notes of 5 l。 and upwards in circulation for those eighteen days;
including bank post bills; is *16;286;950
And of those under 5 l。 *7;260;575
Total *23;547;525
〃If;〃 say the Reviewers; 〃considerable portions of the
currency were taken from the idle; and those who live upon fixed
incomes; and transferred to farmers; manufacturers; and
merchants; … the proportion between capital and revenue would be
greatly altered to the advantage of capital; and in a short time
the produce of the country would be greatly augmented。〃 It is no
doubt true 〃 that it is not the quantity〃 of circulating medium
which adds to the national wealth; 〃but the different
distribution of it。〃 If; therefore; we could be fully assured
that the effects of the abundance; and the consequent
depreciation of the currency; would diminish the powers of
consumption in the idle and unproductive class; whilst it
increased the number of the industrious and productive class; the
effect would undoubtedly be to augment the national wealth; as it
would realize into capital that which was before expended as
revenue。 But the question is; will it so operate? Will not a
thousand pounds saved by the stockholder from his income and lent
to the farmer; be equally productive as if it had been saved by
the farmer himself? The Reviewers observe; 〃On every fresh issue
of notes; not only is the quantity of the circulating medium
increased; but the distribution of the whole mass is altered。 A
large proportion falls into the hands of those who consume and
produce; and a smaller proportion into the hands of those who
only consume。〃 But is this necessarily so? They appear to take it
for granted; that those who live on fixed incomes must consume
the whole of their income; and that no part of it can be saved
and annually added to capital。 But this is very far from being
the true state of the case; and I would ask; Do not the
stockholders give as great a stimulus to the growth of the
national wealth by saving half their incomes and investing it in
the stocks; thereby liberating a capital which will ultimately be
employed by those who consume and produce; as would be done if
their incomes were depreciated 50 per cent by the issues of
bank…notes; and the power of saving were in consequence entirely
taken from them; although the Bank should lend to an industrious
man an amount of notes equal in value to the diminished income of
the stockholder? The difference; and the only difference appea
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