aristides-第2部分

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vouched　for　him；　but　gained　real　and　true　commendations　from　the
best　men。
　　When　Datis；　being　sent　by　Darius　under　pretence　of　punishing　the
Athenians　for　their　burning　of　Sardis；　but　in　reality　to　reduce　the
Greeks　under　his　dominion；　landed　at　Marathon　and　laid　waste　the
country；　among　the　ten　commanders　appointed　by　the　Athenians　for　the
war；　Miltiades　was　of　the　greatest　name；　but　the　second　place；　both
for　reputation　and　power；　was　possessed　by　Aristides；　and　when　his
opinion　to　join　battle　was　added　to　that　of　Miltiades；　it　did　much
to　incline　the　balance。　Every　leader　by　his　day　having　the　command
in　chief；　when　it　came　to　Aristides's　turn　he　delivered　it　into　the
hands　of　Miltiades；　showing　his　fellow…officers　that　it　is　not
dishonourable　to　obey　and　follow　wise　and　able　men；　but；　on　the
contrary；　noble　and　prudent。　So　appeasing　their　rivalry；　and
bringing　them　to　acquiesce　in　one　and　the　best　advice；　he　confirmed
Miltiades　in　the　strength　of　an　undivided　and　unmolested　authority。
For　now　every　one；　yielding　his　day　of　command；　looked　for　orders　only
to　him。　During　the　fight　the　main　body　of　the　Athenians　being　the
hardest　put　to　it；　the　barbarians；　for　a　long　time；　making
opposition　there　against　the　tribes　Leontis　and　Antiochis；
Themistocles　and　Aristides　being　ranged　together　fought　valiantly；　the
one　being　of　the　tribe　Leontis；　the　other　of　the　Antiochis。　But
after　they　had　beaten　the　barbarians　back　to　their　ships；　and
perceived　that　they　sailed　not　for　the　isles；　but　were　driven　in　by
the　force　of　sea　and　wind　towards　the　country　of　Attica；　fearing
lest　they　should　take　the　city；　unprovided　of　defence；　they　hurried
away　thither　with　nine　tribes；　and　reached　it　the　same　day。　Aristides；
being　left　with　his　tribe　at　Marathon　to　guard　the　plunder　and
prisoners；　did　not　disappoint　the　opinion　they　had　of　him。　Amidst
the　profusion　of　gold　and　silver；　all　sorts　of　apparel；　and　other
property；　more　than　can　be　mentioned；　that　were　in　the　tents　and　the
vessels　which　they　had　taken；　he　neither　felt　the　desire　to　meddle
with　anything　himself；　nor　suffered　others　to　do　it；　unless　it　might
be　some　who　took　away　anything　unknown　to　him；　as　Callias；　the
torch…bearer；　did。　One　of　the　barbarians；　it　seems；　prostrated　himself
before　this　man；　supposing　him　to　be　a　king　by　his　hair　and　fillet；
and；　when　he　had　so　done；　taking　him　by　the　hand；　showed　him　a　great
quantity　of　gold　hid　in　a　ditch。　But　Callias；　most　cruel　and　impious
of　men；　took　away　the　treasure；　but　slew　the　man；　lest　he　should
tell　of　him。　Hence；　they　say；　the　comic　poets　gave　his　family　the　name
of　Laccopluti；　or　enriched　by　the　ditch；　alluding　to　the　place　where
Callias　found　the　gold。　Aristides；　immediately　after　this；　was　archon；
although　Demetrius；　the　Phalerian；　says　he　held　the　office　a　little
before　he　died　after　the　battle　of　Plataea。　But　in　the　records　of
the　successors　of　Xanthippides；　in　whose　year　Mardonius　was　overthrown
at　Plataea；　amongst　very　many　there　mentioned；　there　is　not　so　much　as
one　of　the　same　name　as　Aristides；　while　immediately　after　Phaenippus；
during　whose　term　of　office　they　obtained　the　victory　of　Marathon；
Aristides　is　registered。
　　Of　all　his　virtues；　the　common　people　were　most　affected　with　his
justice；　because　of　its　continual　and　common　use；　and　thus；　although
of　mean　fortune　and　ordinary　birth；　he　possessed　himself　of　the　most
kingly　and　divine　appellation　of　just：　which　kings；　however；　and
tyrants　have　never　sought　after；　but　have　taken　delight　to　be　surnamed
besiegers　of　cities；　thunderers；　conquerors；　or　eagles　again；　and
hawks；　affecting；　it　seems；　the　reputation　which　proceeds　from　power
and　violence；　rather　than　that　of　virtue。　Although　the　divinity；　to
whom　they　desire　to　compare　and　assimilate　themselves；　excels；　it　is
supposed；　in　three　things；　immortality；　power；　and　virtue；　of　which
three　the　noblest　and　divinest　is　virtue。　For　the　elements　and
vacuum　have　an　everlasting　existence；　earthquakes；　thunders；　storms；
and　torrents　have　great　power；　but　in　justice　and　equity　nothing
participates　except　by　means　of　reason　and　the　knowledge　of　that　which
is　divine。　And　thus；　taking　the　three　varieties　of　feeling　commonly
entertained　towards　the　deity；　the　sense　of　his　happiness；　fear；　and
honour　of　him；　people　would　seem　to　think　him　blest　and　happy　for
his　exemption　from　death　and　corruption；　to　fear　and　dread　him　for　his
power　and　dominion；　but　to　love；　honour；　and　adore　him　for　his
justice。　Yet　though　thus　disposed；　they　covet　that　immortality　which
our　nature　is　not　capable　of；　and　that　power　the　greatest　part　of
which　is　at　the　disposal　of　fortune；　but　give　virtue；　the　only
divine　good　really　in　our　reach；　the　last　place；　most　unwisely；
since　justice　makes　the　life　of　such　as　are　in　prosperity；　power；
and　authority　the　life　of　a　god；　and　injustice　turns　it　to　that　of　a
beast。
　　Aristides；　therefore；　had　at　first　the　fortune　to　be　beloved　for
this　surname；　but　at　length　envied。　Especially　when　Themistocles
spread　a　rumour　amongst　the　people　that；　by　determining　and　judging
all　matters　privately；　he　had　destroyed　the　courts　of　judicature；
and　was　secretly　making　way　for　a　monarchy　in　his　own　person；
without　the　assistance　of　guards。　Moreover　the　spirit　of　the　people；
now　grown　high；　and　confident　with　their　late　victory；　naturally
entertained　feelings　of　dislike　to　all　of　more　than　common　fame　and
reputation。　Coming　together；　therefore；　from　all　parts　into　the
city；　they　banished　Aristides　by　the　ostracism；　giving　their
jealousy　of　his　reputation　the　name　of　fear　of　tyranny。　For
ostracism　was　not　the　punishment　of　any　criminal　act；　but　was
speciously　said　to　be　the　mere　depression　and　humiliation　of　excessive
greatness　and　power；　and　was　in　fact　a　gentle　relief　and　mitigation　of
envious　feeling；　which　was　thus　allowed　to　vent　itself　in　inflicting
no　intolerable　injury；　only　a　ten　years'　banishment。　But　after　it　came
to　be　exercised　upon　base　and　villainous　fellows；　they　desisted　from
it；　Hyperbolus　being　the　last　whom　they　banished　by　the　ostracism。
　　The　cause　of　Hyperbolus's　banishment　is　said　to　have　been　this。
Alcibiades　and　Nicias；　men　that　bore　the　greatest　sway　in　the　city；
were　of　different　factions。　As　the　people；　therefore；　were　about　to
vote　the　ostracism；　and　obviously　to　decree　it　against　one　of　them
consulting　together　and　uniting　their　parties　they　contrived　the
banishment　of　Hyperbolus。　Upon　which　the　people；　being　offended；　as　if
some　contempt　or　affront　was　put　upon　the　thing　left　off　and　quite
abolished　it。　It　was　performed；　to　be　short；　in　this　manner。　Every　one
taking　an　ostracon；　a　sherd；　that　is；　or　piece　of　earthenware；　wrote
upon　it　the　citizen's　name　he　would　have　banished；　and　carried　it　to　a
certain　part　of　the　market…place　surrounded　with　wooden　rails。
First；　the　magistrates　numbered　all　the　sherds　in　gross　（for　if
there　were　less　than　six　thousand；　the　ostracism　was　imperfect）；　then；
laying　every　name　by　itself；　they　pronounced　him　whose　name　was
written　by　the　larger　number　banished　for　ten　years；　with　the
enjoyment　of　his　estate。　As　therefore；　they　were　writing　the　names
on　the　sherds；　it　is　reported　that　an　illiterate　clownish　fellow；
giving　Aristides　his　sherd；　supposing　him　a　common　citizen；　begged　him
to　write　Aristides　upon　it；　and　he　being　surprised　and　asking　if
Aristides　had　ever　done　him　any　injury；　〃None　at　all；〃　said　he；
〃neither　know　I　the　man；　but　I　am　tired　of　hearing　him　everywhere
called　the　just。〃　Aristides；　hearing　this；　is　said　to　have　made　no
reply；　but　returned　the　sherd　with　his　own　name　inscribed。　At　his
departure　from　the　city；　lifting　up　his　hands　to　heaven；　he　made　a
prayer　（the　reverse；　it　would　seem；　of　that　of　Achilles）；　that　the
Athenians　might　never　have　any　occasion　which　should　constrain　them　to
remember　Aristides。
　　Nevertheless；　three　years　after；　when　Xerxes　marched　through
Thessaly　and　Boeotia　into　the　country　of　Attica；　repealing　the　law；
they　decreed　the　return　of　the　banished：　chiefly　fearing　Aristides；
lest；　joining　himself　to　the　enemy；　he　should　corrupt　and　bring　over
many　of　his　fellow…citizens　to　the　party　of　the　barbarians；　much
mistaking　the　man；　who；　already　before　the　decree；　was　exerting
himself　to　excite　and　encourage　the　Greeks　to　the　defence　of　their
liberty。　And　afterwards；　when　Themistocles　was　general　with　absolute
power；　he　assisted　him　in　all　ways　both　in　action　and　counsel；
rendering；　in　consideration　of　the　common　security；　the　greatest　enemy
he　had　the　most　glorious　of　men。　For　when　Eurybiades　was
deliberating　to　desert　the　isle　of　Salamis；　and　the　galleys　of　the
barbarians　putting　out　by　night　to　sea　surrounded　and　beset　the　narrow
passage　and　islands；　and　nobody　was　aware　how　they　were　environed；
Aristides；　with　great　hazard；　sailed　from　Aegina　through　the　enemy's
fleet；　and　coming　by　night　to　Themistocles's　tent　and　calling　him
out　by　himself；　〃if　we　have　any　discretion；〃　said　he；　〃Themistocles；
laying　aside　at　this　time　our　vain　and　childish　contention；　let　us
enter　upon　a　safe　and　honourable　dispute；　vying　with　each　other　for
the　preservation　of　Greece；　you　in　the　ruling　and　commanding；　I　in　the
subservient　and　advising　part；　even　indeed；　as　I　now　understand　you　to
be　alone　adhering　to　the　best　advice；　in　counselling　without　any　delay
to　engage　in　the　straits。　And　in　this；　though　our　own　party　oppose；
the　enemy　seems　to　assist　you。　For　the　sea　behind；　and　all　around
us；　is　covered　with　their　fleet；　so　that　we　are　under　a　necessity　of
approving　ourselves　men　of　courage；　and　fighting　whether　we　will　or
no；　for　there　is　no　room　left　us　for　flight。〃　To　which　Themistocles
answered；　〃I　would　not　willingly；　Aristides；　be　overcome　by　you　on
this　occasion；　and　shall　endeavour；　in　emulation　of　this　good
beginning；　to　outdo　it　in　my　actions。〃　Also　relating　to　him　the
stratagem　he　had　framed　against　the　barbarians；　he　entreated　him　to
persuade　Eurybiades　and　show　him　how　it　was　impossible　they　should
save　themselves　without　an　engagement；　as　he　was　the　more　likely　to　be
believed。　Whence；　in　the　council　of　war；　Cleocritus；　the　Corinthian；
telling　Themistocles　that　Aristides　did　not　like　his　advice　as　h