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the aeroplane speaks-第22部分
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Centre of GravityThe centre of weight。
CabaneA combination of two pylons; situated over the fuselage; and from which anti…lift wires are suspended。
ClocheLiterally ‘‘bell。'' Is applied to the bell…shaped construction which forms the lower part of the pilot's control lever in a Bleriot monoplane; and to which the control cables are attached。
Centrifugal ForceEvery body which moves in a curved path is urged outwards from the centre of the curve by a force termed ‘‘centrifugal。''
Control LeverA lever by means of which the controlling surfaces are operated。 It usually operates the ailerons and elevator。 The ‘‘joy…stick〃。
Cavitation; PropellerThe tendency to produce a cavity in the air。
Distance PieceA long; thin piece of wood (sometimes tape) passing through and attached to all the ribs in order to prevent them from rolling over sideways。
DisplacementChange of position。
Drift (of an aeroplane as distinct from the propeller)The horizontal component of the reaction produced by the action of driving through the air a surface inclined upwards and towards its direction of motion PLUS the horizontal component of the reaction produced by the ‘‘detrimental'' surface PLUS resistance due to ‘‘skin…friction。'' Sometimes termed ‘‘head…resistance。''
Drift; ActiveDrift produced by the lifting surface。
Drift; PassiveDrift produced by the detrimental surface。
Drift (of a propeller)Analogous to the drift of an aeroplane。 It is convenient to include ‘‘cavitation'' within this term。
Drift; toTo be carried by a current of air; to make leeway。
Dive; toTo descend so steeply as to produce a speed greater than the normal flying speed。
Dope; toTo paint a fabric with a special fluid for the purpose of tightening and protecting it。
DensityMass of unit volume; for instance; pounds per cubic foot。
EfficiencyOutput Input
Efficiency (of an aeroplane as distinct from engine and propeller) Lift and Velocity Thrust (= aeroplane drift)
Efficiency; EngineBrake horse…power Indicated horse…power
Efficiency; Propeller Thrust horse…power Horse…power received from engine (= propeller drift)
NOTE。The above terms can; of course; be expressed in foot… pounds。 It is then only necessary to divide the upper term by the lower one to find the measure of efficiency。
ElevatorA controlling surface; usually hinged to the rear of the tail… plane; the operation of which turns an aeroplane about an axis which is transverse to the direction of normal horizontal flight。
EmpennageSee ‘‘Tail…plane。''
EnergyStored work。 For instance; a given weight of coal or petroleum stores a given quantity of energy which may be expressed in foot…pounds。
ExtensionThat part of the upper surface extending beyond the span of the lower surface。
Edge; LeadingThe front edge of a surface relative to its normal direction of motion。
Edge; TrailingThe rear edge of a surface relative to its normal direction of motion。
Factor of SafetyUsually taken to mean the result found by dividing the stress at which a body will collapse by the maximum stress it will be called upon to bear。
Fineness (of stream…line)The proportion of length to maximum width。
Flying PositionA special position in which an aeroplane must be placed when rigging it or making adjustments。 It varies with different types of aeroplanes。 Would be more correctly described as ‘‘rigging position。''
FuselageThat part of an aeroplane containing the pilot; and to which is fixed the tail…plane。
FinAdditional keel…surface; usually mounted at the rear of an aeroplane。
Flange (of a rib)That horizontal part of a rib which prevents it from bending sideways。
FlightThe sustenance of a body heavier than air by means of its action upon the air。
Foot…poundA measure of work representing the weight of 1 lb。 raised 1 foot。
FairingUsually made of thin sheet aluminum; wood; or a light construction of wood and fabric; and bent round detrimental surface in order to give it a ‘‘fair'' or ‘‘stream…like'' shape。
GravityIs the force of the Earth's attraction upon a body。 It decreases with increase of distance from the Earth。 See ‘‘Weight。''
Gravity; SpecificDensity of substance Density of water。 Thus; if the density of water is 10 lb。 per unit volume; the same unit volume of petrol; if weighing 7 lb。; would be said to have a specific gravity of 7/10; i。e。; 0。7。
Gap (of an aeroplane)The distance between the upper and lower surfaces of a biplane。 In a triplane or multiplane; the distance between a surface and the one first above it。
Gap; PropellerThe distance; measured in the direction of the thrust; between the spiral courses of the blades。
GirderA structure designed to resist bending; and to combine lightness and strength。
GyroscopeA heavy circular wheel revolving at high speed; the effect of which is a tendency to maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces。
HangarAn aeroplane shed。
Head…ResistanceDrift。 The resistance of the air to the passage of a body。
HelicopterAn air…screw revolving about a vertical axis; the direction of its thrust being opposed to gravity。
Horizontal EquivalentThe plan view of a body whatever its attitude may be。
ImpulseA force causing a body to gain or lose momentum。
InclinometerA curved form of spirit…level used for indicating the attitude of a body relative to the horizontal。
InstabilityAn inherent tendency of a body; which; if the body is disturbed; causes it to move into a position as far as possible away from its first position。
Instability; NeutralAn inherent tendency of a body to remain in the position given it by the force of a disturbance; with no tendency to move farther or to return to its first position。
InertiaThe inherent resistance to displacement of a body as distinct from resistance the result of an external force。
Joy…StickSee ‘‘Control Lever。''
Keel…SurfaceEverything to be seen when viewing an aeroplane from the side of it。
King…PostA bracing strut; in an aeroplane; usually passing through a surface and attached to the main spar; and from the end or ends of which wires are taken to spar; surface; or other part of the construction in order to prevent distortion。 When used in connection with a controlling surface; it usually performs the additional function of a lever; control cables connecting its ends with the pilot's control lever。
LiftThe vertical component of the reaction produced by the action of driving through the air a surface inclined upwards and towards its direction of motion。
Lift; Margin ofThe height an aeroplane can gain in a given time and starting from a given altitude。
Lift…Drift RatioThe proportion of lift to drift。
LoadingThe weight carried by an aerofoil。 Usually expressed in pounds per square foot of superficial area。
LongeronThe term usually applied to any long spar running length… ways of a fuselage。
MassThe mass of a body is a measure of the quantity of material in it。
MomentumThe product of the mass and velocity of a body is known as ‘‘momentum。''
MonoplaneAn aeroplane of which the main lifting surface consists of one surface or one pair of wings。
MultiplaneAn aeroplane of which the main lifting surface consists of numerous surfaces or pairs of wings mounted one above the other。
MontantFuselage strut。
NacelleThat part of an aeroplane containing the engine and pilot and passenger; and to which the tail plane is not fixed。
Neutral Lift LineA line taken through a surface in a forward direction relative to its direction of motion; and starting from its trailing edge。 If the attitude of the surface is such as to make the said line coincident with the direction of motion; it results in no lift; the reaction then consisting solely of drift。 The position of the neutral lift line; i。e。; the angle it makes with the chord; varies with differences of camber; and it is found by means of wind…tunnel research。
Newton's Laws of Motion1。 If a body be at rest; it will remain at rest; or; if in motion; it will move uniformly in a straight line until acted upon by some force。
2。 The rate of change of the quantity of motion (momentum) is proportional to the force which causes it; and takes place in the direction of the straight line in which the force acts。 If a body be acted upon by several forces; it will obey each as though the others did not exist; and this whether the body be at rest or in motion。
3。 To every action there is opposed an equal and opposite reaction。
Ornithopter (or Orthopter)A flapping wing design of aircraft intended to imitate the flight of a bird。
OutriggerThis term is usually applied to the framework connecting the main surface with an elevator placed in advance of it。 Sometimes applied to the ‘‘tail…boom'' framework connecting the tail…plane with the main lifting surface。
Pancake; toTo ‘‘stall ''
PlaneThis term is often applied to a lifting surface。 Such application is not quite correct; since ‘‘plane'' indicates a flat surface; and the lifting surfaces are always cambered。
PropellerSee ‘‘Air…Screw。''
Propeller; TractorAn air…screw mounted in front of the main lifting surface。
Propeller; PusherAn air…screw mounted behind the main lifting surface。
PusherAn aeroplane of which the propeller is mounted behind the main lifting surface。
PylonAny V…shaped construction from the point of which wires are taken。
PowerRate of working。
Power; HorseOne horse…power represents a force sufficient to raise 33;000 lbs。 1 foot in a minute。
Power; Indicated HorseThe I。H。P。 of an engine is a measure of the rate at which work is done by the pressure upon the piston or pistons; as distinct from the rate at which the engine does work。 The latter is usually termed ‘‘brake horse…power;'' since it may be measured by an absorption brake。
Power; Margin ofThe available quantity of power above that necessary to maintain horizontal flight at the optimum angle。
Pitot TubeA form of air…speed indicator consisting of a tube with open end facing the wind; which; combined with a static pressure or suction tube; is used in conjunction with a gauge for measuring air pressures or velociti
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