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the aeroplane speaks-第23部分

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ction with a gauge for measuring air pressures or velocities。 (No。 1 in diagram。)

Pitch; PropellerThe distance a propeller advances during one revolution supposing the air to be solid。

Pitch; toTo plunge nose…down。

ReactionA force; equal and opposite to the force of the action producing it。

RudderA controlling surface; usually hinged to the tail; the operation of which turns an aeroplane about an axis which is vertical in normal horizontal flight; causes an aeroplane to turn to left or right of the pilot。

Roll; toTo turn about the longitudinal axis。

Rib; OrdinaryA light curved wooden part mounted in a fore and aft direction within a surface。 The ordinary ribs give the surface its camber; carry the fabric; and transfer the lift from the fabric to the spars。

Rib; CompressionActs as an ordinary rib; besides bearing the stress of compression produced by the tension of the internal bracing wires。

Rib; FalseA subsidiary rib; usually used to improve the camber of the front part of the surface。

Right and Left HandAlways used relative to the position of the pilot。 When observing an aeroplane from the front of it; the right hand side of it is then on the left hand of the observer。

RemouA local movement or condition of the air which may cause displacement of an aeroplane。

Rudder…BarA control lever moved by the pilot's feet; and operating the rudder。

SurfaceSee ‘‘Aerofoil。''

Surface; DetrimentalAll exterior parts of an aeroplane including the propeller; but excluding the (aeroplane) lifting and (propeller) thrusting surfaces。

Surface; ControllingA surface the operation of which turns an aeroplane about one of its axes。

Skin…FrictionThe friction of the air with roughness of surface。 A form of drift。

Span…The distance from wing…tip to wing…tip。

StaggerThe distance the upper surface is forward of the lower surface when the axis of the propeller is horizontal。

StabilityThe inherent tendency of a body; when disturbed; to return to its normal position。

Stability; DirectionalThe stability about an axis which is vertical during normal horizontal flight; and without which an aeroplane has no natural tendency to remain upon its course。

Stability; LongitudinalThe stability of an aeroplane about an axis transverse to the direction of normal horizontal flight; and without which it has no tendency to oppose pitching and tossing。

Stability; LateralThe stability of an aeroplane about its longitudinal axis; and without which it has no tendency to oppose sideways rolling。

StabilizerA surface; such as fin or tail…plane; designed to give an aeroplane inherent stability。

Stall; toTo give or allow an aeroplane an angle of incidence greater than the ‘‘maximum'' angle; the result being a fall in the lift… drift ratio; the lift consequently becoming less than the weight of the aeroplane; which must then fall; i。e。; ‘‘stall'' or ‘‘pancake。''

StressBurden or load。

StrainDeformation produced by stress。

Side…Slip; toTo fall as a result of an excessive ‘‘bank'' or ‘‘roll。''

Skid; toTo be carried sideways by centrifugal force when turning to left or right。

Skid; UndercarriageA spar; mounted in a fore and aft direction; and to which the wheels of the undercarriage are sometimes attached。 Should a wheel give way the skid is then supposed to act like the runner of a sleigh and to support the aeroplane。

Skid; TailA piece of wood or other material; orientable; and fitted with shock absorbers; situated under the tail of an aeroplane in order to support it upon the ground and to absorb the shock of alighting。 


SectionAny separate part of the top surface; that part of the bottom surface immediately underneath it; with their struts and wires。

SparAny long piece of wood or other material。

Spar; MainA spar within a surface and to which all the ribs are attached; such spar being the one situated nearest to the centre of pressure。 It transfers more than half the lift from the ribs to the bracing。 

Spar; RearA spar within a surface; and to which all the ribs are attached; such spar being situated at the rear of the centre of pressure and at a greater distance from it than is the main spar。 It transfers less than half of the lift from the ribs to the bracing。

StrutAny wooden member intended to take merely the stress of direct compression。

Strut; InterplaneA strut holding the top and bottom surfaces apart。

Strut; FuselageA strut holding the fuselage longerons apart。 It should be stated whether top; bottom; or side。 If side; then it should be stated whether right or left hand。 Montant。 

Strut; ExtensionA strut supporting an ‘‘extension'' when not in flight。 It may also prevent the extension from collapsing upwards during flight。

Strut; Undercarriage

Strut; DopeA strut within a surface; so placed as to prevent the tension of the doped fabric from distorting the framework。

ServingTo bind round with wire; cord; or similar material。 Usually used in connection with wood joints and wire cable splices。

Slip; PropellerThe pitch less the distance the propeller advances during one revolution。

Stream…LineA form or shape of detrimental surface designed to produce minimum drift。

Toss; toTo plunge tail…down。

Torque; PropellerThe tendency of a propeller to turn an aeroplane about its longitudinal axis in a direction opposite to that in which the propeller revolves。

Tail…SlideA fall whereby the tail of an aeroplane leads。

TractorAn aeroplane of which the propeller is mounted in front of the main lifting surface。

TriplaneAn aeroplane of which the main lifting surface consists of three surfaces or pairs of wings mounted one above the other。

Tail…PlaneA horizontal stabilizing surface mounted at some distance behind the main lifting surface。 Empennage。 

TurnbuckleA form of wire…tightener; consisting of a barrel into each end of which is screwed an eyebolt。 Wires are attached to the eyebolts and the required degree of tension is secured by means of rotating the barrel。

Thrust; PropellerSee ‘‘Air…Screw。''

UndercarriageThat part of an aeroplane beneath the fuselage or nacelle; and intended to support the aeroplane when at rest; and to absorb the shock of alighting。 

VelocityRate of displacement; speed。

VolplaneA gliding descent。

WeightIs a measure of the force of the Earth's attraction (gravity) upon a body。 The standard unit of weight in this country is 1 lb。; and is the force of the Earth's attraction on a piece of platinum called the standard pound; deposited with the Board of Trade in London。 At the centre of the Earth a body will be attracted with equal force in every direction。 It will therefore have no weight; though its mass is unchanged。 Gravity; of which weight is a measure; decreases with increase of altitude。

Web (of a rib)That vertical part of a rib which prevents it from bending upwards。

Warp; toTo distort a surface in order to vary its angle of incidence。 To vary the angle of incidence of a controlling surface。

WashThe disturbance of air produced by the flight of an aeroplane。

Wash…inAn increasing angle of incidence of a surface towards its wing…tip。

Wash…outA decreasing angle of incidence of a surface towards its wing…tip。

Wing…tipThe right… or left…hand extremity of a surface。

WireA wire is; in Aeronautics; always known by the name of its function。

Wire; Lift or FlyingA wire opposed to the direction of lift; and used to prevent a surface from collapsing upward during flight。

Wire; Anti…lift or LandingA wire opposed to the direction of gravity; and used to sustain a surface when it is at rest。

Wire; DriftA wire opposed to the direction of drift; and used to prevent a surface from collapsing backwards during flight。

Wire; Anti…driftA wire opposed to the tension of a drift wire; and used to prevent such tension from distorting the framework。

Wire; IncidenceA wire running from the top of an interplane strut to the bottom of the interplane strut in front of or behind it。 It maintains the ‘‘stagger'' and assists in maintaining the angle of incidence。 Sometimes termed ‘‘stagger wire。''

Wire; BracingAny wire holding together the framework of any part of an aeroplane。 It is not; however; usually applied to the wires described above unless the function performed includes a function additional to those described above。 Thus; a lift wire; while strictly speaking a bracing wire; is not usually described as one unless it performs the additional function of bracing some well… defined part such as the undercarriage。 It will then be said to be an ‘‘undercarriage bracing lift wire。'' It might; perhaps; be acting as a drift wire also; in which case it will then be de… scribed as an ‘‘undercarriage bracing lift…drift wire。'' It should always be stated whether a bracing wire is (1) top; (2) bottom; (3) cross; or (4) side。 If a ‘‘side bracing wire;'' then it should be stated whether right… or left…hand。

Wire; Internal BracingA bracing wire (usually drift or anti…drift) within a surface。

Wire; Top BracingA bracing wire; approximately horizontal and situated between the top longerons of fuselate; between top tail booms; or at the top of similar construction。

Wire; Bottom BracingDitto; substituting ‘‘bottom'' for ‘‘top。''

Wire; Side BracingA bracing wire crossing diagonally a side bay of fuselage; tail boom bay; undercarriage side bay or centre…section side bay。 This term is not usually used with reference to incidence wires; although they cross diagonally the side bays of the cell。 It should be stated whether right… or left…hand。

Wire; Cross BracingA bracing wire; the position of which is diagonal from right to left when viewing it from the front of an aeroplane。

Wire; Control BracingA wire preventing distortion of a controlling surface。

Wire; ControlA wire connecting a controlling surface with the pilot's control lever; wheel; or rudder…bar。

Wire; Aileron GapA wire connecting top and bottom ailerons。

Wire; Aileron BalanceA wire connecting the right… and left…hand top ailerons。 Sometimes termed the ‘‘aileron compensating wire。''

Wire; SnakingA wire; usually of soft metal; wound spirally or tied round another wire; and attached at each end to the framework。 Used to prevent the wire round which it is ‘‘s
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