on horsemanship-第6部分

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other　horses；　nor　near　a　group　of　people；＇23＇　nor　outside　the



exercising…ground；　but　on　the　precise　spot　which　is　the　scene　of　his



compulsory　exertion　there　let　the　horse　find　also　relaxation。＇24＇







＇23＇　Or；　〃a　knot　of　bystanders〃；　cf。　Thuc。　ii。　21。







＇24＇　Or；　as　we　say；　〃be　caressed；　and　dismissed。〃















VIII







As　there　will；　doubtless；　be　times　when　the　horse　will　need　to　race



downhill　and　uphill　and　on　sloping　ground；　times；　also；　when　he　will



need　to　leap　across　an　obstacle；　or；　take　a　flying　leap　from　off　a



bank；＇1＇　or；　jump　down　from　a　height；　the　rider　must　teach　and　train



himself　and　his　horse　to　meet　all　emergencies。　In　this　way　the　two



will　have　a　chance　of　saving　each　the　other；　and　may　be　expected　to



increase　their　usefulness。







＇1＇　｛ekpedan｝　=　exsilire　in　altum　（Sturz；　and　so　Berenger）；　〃to　leap



　　　　over　ditches；　and　upon　high　places　and　down　from　them。〃







And　here；　if　any　reader　should　accuse　us　of　repeating　ourselves；　on



the　ground　that　we　are　only　stating　now　what　we　said　before　on　the



same　topics；＇2＇　we　say　that　this　is　not　mere　repetition。　In　the　former



case；　we　confined　ourselves　to　advising　the　purchaser　before　he



concluded　his　bargain　to　test　whether　the　horse　could　do　those



particular　things；＇3＇　what　we　are　now　maintaining　is　that　the　owner



ought　to　teach　his　own　horse；　and　we　will　explain　how　this　teaching　is



to　be　done。







＇2＇　Or；　〃treating　of　a　topic　already　handled。〃







＇3＇　i。e。　possessed　a　certain　ability　at　the　date　of　purchase。







With　a　horse　entirely　ignorant　of　leaping；　the　best　way　is　to　take　him



by　the　leading　rein；　which　hangs　loose；　and　to　get　across　the　trench



yourself　first；　and　then　to　pull　tight　on　the　leading…rein；　to　induce



him　to　leap　across。　If　he　refuses；　some　one　with　a　whip　or　switch



should　apply　it　smartly。　The　result　will　be　that　the　horse　will　clear



at　a　bound；　not　the　distance　merely；　but　a　far　larger　space　than



requisite；　and　for　the　future　there　will　be　no　need　for　an　actual



blow；　the　mere　sight　of　some　one　coming　up　behind　will　suffice　to　make



him　leap。　As　soon　as　he　is　accustomed　to　leap　in　this　way　you　may



mount　him　and　put　him　first　at　smaller　and　then　at　larger　trenches。　At



the　moment　of　the　spring　be　ready　to　apply　the　spur；　and　so　too；　when



training　him　to　leap　up　and　leap　down；　you　should　touch　him　with　the



spur　at　the　critical　instant。　In　the　effort　to　perform　any　of　these



actions　with　the　whole　body；　the　horse　will　certainly　perform　them



with　more　safety　to　himself　and　to　his　rider　than　he　will；　if　his



hind…quarters　lag；　in　taking　a　ditch　or　fence；　or　in　making　an　upward



spring　or　downward　jump。＇4＇







＇4＇　Lit。　〃in　making　these　jumps；　springs；　and　leaps　across　or　up　or



　　　　down。〃







To　face　a　steep　incline；　you　must　first　teach　him　on　soft　ground；　and



finally；　when　he　is　accustomed　to　that；　he　will　much　prefer　the



downward　to　the　upward　slope　for　a　fast　pace。　And　as　to　the



apprehension；　which　some　people　entertain；　that　a　horse　may　dislocate



the　shoulder　in　galloping　down　an　incline；　it　should　encourage　them　to



learn　that　the　Persians　and　Odrysians　all　run　races　down　precipitous



slopes；＇5＇　and　their　horses　are　every　bit　as　sound　as　our　own。＇6＇







＇5＇　Cf。　〃Anab。〃　IV。　viii。　28；　and　so　the　Georgians　to　this　day



　　　　（Chardin　ap。　Courier；　op。　cit。　p。　70；　n。　1）。







＇6＇　Lit。　〃as　are　those　of　the　Hellenes。〃







Nor　must　we　omit　another　topic：　how　the　rider　is　to　accomodate　himself



to　these　several　movements。＇7＇　Thus；　when　the　horse　breaks　off　into　a



gallop；　the　rider　ought　to　bend　forward；　since　the　horse　will　be　less



likely　to　slip　from　under；　and　so　to　pitch　his　rider　off。　So　again　in



pulling　him　up　short＇8＇　the　rider　should　lean　back；　and　thus　escape　a



shock。　In　leaping　a　ditch　or　tearing　up　a　steep　incline；　it　is　no　bad



plan　to　let　go　the　reins　and　take　hold　of　the　mane；　so　that　the　animal



may　not　feel　the　burthen　of　the　bit　in　addition　to　that　of　the　ground。



In　going　down　a　steep　incline　the　rider　must　throw　himself　right　back



and　hold　in　the　horse　with　the　bit；　to　prevent　himself　being　hurled



headforemost　down　the　slope　himself　if　not　his　horse。







＇7＇　Or；　〃to　each　set　of　occurrences。〃







＇8＇　Al。　〃when　the　horse　is　being　brought　to　a　poise〃　（Morgan）；　and　see



　　　　Hermann　ap。　Schneid。；　｛analambanein｝　=　retinere　equum；　anhalten；



　　　　pariren。　i。e。　〃rein　in〃　of　the　〃Parade。〃







It　is　a　correct　principle　to　vary　these　exercises；　which　should　be



gone　through　sometimes　in　one　place　and　sometimes　in　another；　and



should　sometimes　be　shorter　and　sometimes　longer　in　duration。　The



horse　will　take　much　more　kindly　to　them　if　you　do　not　confine　him　to



one　place　and　one　routine。







Since　it　is　a　matter　of　prime　necessity　that　the　rider　should　keep　his



seat；　while　galloping　full　speed　on　every　sort　of　ground；　and　at　the



same　time　be　able　to　use　his　weapons　with　effect　on　horseback；　nothing



could　be　better；　where　the　country　suits　and　there　are　wild　animals；



than　to　practise　horsemanship　in　combination　with　the　chase。　But　when



these　resources　fail；　a　good　exercise　may　be　supplied　in　the　combined



efforts　of　two　horsemen。＇9＇　One　of　them　will　play　the　part　of



fugitive；　retreating　helter…skelter　over　every　sort　of　ground；　with



lance　reversed　and　plying　the　butt　end。　The　other　pursues；　with



buttons　on　his　javelins　and　his　lance　similarly　handled。＇10＇　Whenever



he　comes　within　javelin　range　he　lets　fly　at　the　retreating　foeman



with　his　blunted　missiles；　or　whenever　within　spear　thrust　he　deals



the　overtaken　combatant　a　blow。　In　coming　to　close　quarters；　it　is　a



good　plan　first　to　drag　the　foeman　towards　oneself；　and　then　on　a



sudden　to　thrust　him　off；　that　is　a　device　to　bring　him　to　the



ground。＇11＇　The　correct　plan　for　the　man　so　dragged　is　to　press　his



horse　forward：　by　which　action　the　man　who　is　being　dragged　is　more



likely　to　unhorse　his　assailant　than　to　be　brought　to　the　ground



himself。







＇9＇　｛ippota｝。　A　poetic　word；　〃cavaliers。〃







＇10＇　Or；　〃manipulated。〃







＇11＇　Or；　〃that　may　be　spoken　off　as　the　'purl　trick'〃；　〃it　will



　　　　unhorse　him　if　anything。〃







If　it　ever　happens　that　you　have　an　enemy's　camp　in　front；　and　cavalry



skirmishing　is　the　order　of　the　day　（at　one　time　charging　the　enemy



right　up　to　the　hostile　battle…line；　and　again　beating　a　retreat）；



under　these　circumstances　it　is　well　to　bear　in　mind　that　so　long　as



the　skirmisher　is　close　to　his　own　party；＇12＇　valour　and　discretion



alike　dictate　to　wheel　and　charge　in　the　vanguard　might　and　main；　but



when　he　finds　himself　in　close　proximity　to　the　foe；　he　must　keep　his



horse　well　in　hand。　This；　in　all　probability；　will　enable　him　to　do



the　greatest　mischief　to　the　enemy；　and　to　receive　least　damage　at　his



hands。







＇12＇　See　〃Hipparch；〃　viii。　23。







The　gods　have　bestowed　on　man；　indeed；　the　gift　of　teaching　man　his



duty　by　means　of　speech　and　reasoning；　but　the　horse；　it　is　obvious；



is　not　open　to　instruction　by　speech　and　reasoning。　If　you　would　have



a　horse　learn　to　perform　his　duty；　your　best　plan　will　be；　whenever　he



does　as　you　wish；　to　show　him　some　kindness　in　return；　and　when　he　is



disobedient　to　chastise　him。　This　principle；　though　capable　of　being



stated　in　a　few　words；　is　one　which　holds　good　throughout　the　whole　of



horsemanship。　As；　for　instance；　a　horse　will　more　readily　take　the



bit；　if　each　time　he　accepts　it　some　good　befalls　him；　or；　again；　he



will　leap　ditches　and　spring　up　embankments　and　perform　all　the　other



feats　incumbent　on　him；　if　he　be　led　to　associate　obedience　to　the



word　of　command　with　relaxation。＇13＇







＇13＇　Lit。　〃if　every　time　he　performs　the　word　of　command　he　is　led　to



　　　　expect　some　relaxation。〃















IX







The　topics　hitherto　considered　have　been：　firstly；　how　to　reduce　the



chance　of　being　cheated　in　the　purchase　of　a　colt　or　full…grown　horse；



secondly；　how　to　escape　as　much　as　possible　the　risk　of　injuring　your



purchase　by　mishandling；　and　lastly；　how　to　succeed　in　turning　out　a



horse　possessed　of　all　the　qualities　demanded　by　the　cavalry　soldier



for　the　purposes　of　war。







The　time　has　come　perhaps　to　add　a　few　suggestions；　in　case　the　rider



should　be　called　upon　to　deal　with　an　animal　either　unduly　spirited　or



again　unduly　sluggish　in　disposition。　The　first　point　to　recognise　is；



that　temper　of　spirit　in　a　horse　takes　the　place　of　passion　or　anger



in　a　man；　and　just　as　you　may　best　escape　exciting　a　man's　ill…temper



by　avoiding　harshness　of　speech　and　act；　so　you　will　best　avoid



enraging　a　spirited　horse　by　not　annoying　him。　Thus；　from　the　first



instant；　in　the　act　of　mounting　him；　you　should　take　pains　to　minimise



the　annoyance；　and　once　on　his　back　you　should　sit　quiet　for　longer



than　the　ordinary　time；　and　so　urge　him　forward　by　the　gentlest　signs



possible；　next；　beginning　at　the　slowest　pace；　gradually　work　him　into



a　quicker　step；　but　so　gradually　that　he　will　find　himself　at　full



speed　without　noticing　it。＇1＇　Any　sudden　signal　will　bewilder　a



spirited　horse；　just　as　a　man　is　bewildered　by　any　sudden　sight　or



sound　or　other　experience。　＇I　say　one　should　be　aware　that　any



unexpected　shock　will　produce　disturbance　in　a　horse。＇＇2＇







＇1＇　Or；　〃so　that　the　horse　may　insensibly　fall　into　a　gallop。〃







＇2＇　L。　Dindorf　a