the history and practice of the art of photography-第2部分

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M。　Niepce　presented　his　first　paper　on　the　subject　to　the　Royal　Society　in　1827；　naming　his　discovery　Heliography。　　What　led　him　to　the　study　of　the　principles　of　the　art　I　have　no　means；　at　present；　of　knowing；　but　it　was　probably　owing　to　the　facts　recorded　by　the　Alchemists；　Mrs。　Fulhame　and　others；　already　mentioned。　But　M。　Daguerre；　who　is　a　celebrated　dioramic　painter；　being　desirous　of　employing　some　of　the　singularly　changeable　salts　of　silver　to　produce　a　peculiar　class　of　effects　in　his　paintings；　was　led　to　pursue　an　investigation　which　resulted　in　the　discovery　of　the　Daguerreotype；　or　Photogenic　drawing　on　plates　of　copper　coated　with　silver。

To　this　gentlemanto　his　liberalityare　we　Americans　indebted　for　the　free　use　of　his　invention；　and　the　large　and　increasing　class　of　Daguerrean　artists　of　this　country　should　hold　him　in　the　most　profound　respect　for　it。　He　was　not　willing　that　it　should　be　confined　to　a　few　individuals　who　might　monopolise　the　benefits　to　be　derived　from　its　practice；　and　shut　out　all　chance　of　improvement。　Like　a　true；　noble　hearted　French　gentleman　he　desired　that　his　invention　should　spread　freely　throughout　the　whole　world。　With　these　views　he　opened　negociations　with　the　French　government　which　were　concluded　most　favorably　to　both　the　inventors；　and　France　has　the　〃glory　of　endowing　the　whole　world　of　science　and　art　with　one　of　the　most　surprising　discoveries　that　honor　the　land。〃

Notwithstanding　this；　it　has　been　patented　in　England　and　the　result　is　what　might　have　been　expected：　　English　pictures　are　far　below　the　standard　of　excellence　of　those　taken　by　American　artists。　I　have　seen　some　medium　portraits；　for　which　a　guinea　each　had　been　paid；　and　taken　too；　by　a　celebrated　artist；　that　our　poorest　Daguerreotypists　would　be　ashamed　to　show　to　a　second　person；　much　less　suffer　to　leave　their　rooms。

CALOTYPE；　the　name　given　to　one　of　the　methods　of　Photogenic　drawing　on　paper；　discovered；　and　perfected　by　Mr。　Fox　Talbot　of　England；　is　precisely　in　the　same　predicament；　not　only　in　that　country　but　in　the　United　States；　Mr。　Talbot　being　patentee　in　both。　He　is　a　man　of　some　wealth；　I　believe；　but　he　demands　so　high　a　price　for　a　single　right　in　this　country；　that　none　can　be　found　who　have　the　temerity　to　purchase。

The　execution　of　his　pictures　is　also　inferior　to　those　taken　by　the　German　artists；　and　I　would　remark　en　passant；　that　the　Messrs。　Mead　exhibited　at　the　last　fair　of　the　American　Institute；　（of　1848；）　four　Calotypes；　which　one　of　the　firm　brought　from　Germany　last　Spring；　that　for　beauty；　depth　of　tone　and　excellence　of　execution　surpass　the　finest　steel　engraving。

When　Mr。　Talbot's　patent　for　the　United　States　expires　and　our　ingenious　Yankee　boys　have　the　opportunity；　I　have　not　the　slightest　doubt　of　the　Calotype；　in　their　hands；　entirely　superceding　the　Daguerreotype。

Let　them；　therefore；　study　the　principles　of　the　art　as　laid　down　in　this　little　work；　experiment；　practice　and　perfect　themselves　in　it；　and　when　that　time　does　arrive　be　prepared　to　produce　that　degree　of　excellence　in　Calotype　they　have　already　obtained　in　Daguerreotype。

It　is　to　Professor　Samuel　F。　B。　Morse；　the　distinguished　inventor　of　the　Magnetic　Telegraph；　of　New　York；　that　we　are　indebted　for　the　application　of　Photography；　to　portrait　taking。　He　was　in　Paris；　for　the　purpose　of　presenting　to　the　scientific　world　his　Electro…Magnetic　Telegraph；　at　the　time；　（1838；）　M。　Daguerre　announced　his　splendid　discovery；　and　its　astounding　results　having　an　important　bearing　on　the　arts　of　design　arrested　his　attention。　In　his　letter　to　me　on　the　subject；　the　Professor　gives　the　following　interesting　facts。

〃The　process　was　a　secret；　and　negociations　were　then　in　progress；　for　the　disclosure　of　it　to　the　public　between　the　French　government　and　the　distinguished　discoverer。　　M。　Daguerre　had　shown　his　results　to　the　king；　and　to　a　few　only　of　the　distinguished　savans；　and　by　the　advice　of　M。　Arago；　had　determined　to　wait　the　action　of　the　French　Chambers；　before　showing　them　to　any　other　persons。　I　was　exceedingly　desirous　of　seeing　them；　but　knew　not　how　to　approach　M。　Daguerre　who　was　a　stranger　to　me。　On　mentioning　my　desire　to　Robert　Walsh；　Esq。；　our　worthy　Consul；　he　said　to　me；　'state　that　you　are　an　American；　the　inventor　of　the　Telegraph；　request　to　see　them；　and　invite　him　in　turn　to　see　the　Telegraph；　and　I　know　enough　of　the　urbanity　and　liberal　feelings　of　the　French；　to　insure　you　an　invitation。'　I　was　successfull　in　my　application；　and　with　a　young　friend；　since　deceased；　the　promising　son　of　Edward　Delevan；　Esq。；　I　passed　a　most　delightful　hour　with　M。　Daguerre；　and　his　enchanting　sun…pictures。　My　letter　containing　an　account　of　this　visit；　and　these　pictures；　was　the　first　announcement　in　this　country　of　this　splendid　discovery。〃

〃I　may　here　add　the　singular　sequel　to　this　visit。　　On　the　succeeding　day　M。　Daguerre　paid　me　a　visit　to　see　the　Telegraph　and　witness　its　operations。　He　seemed　much　gratified　and　remained　with　me　perhaps　two　hours；　two　melancholy　hours　to　him；　as　they　afterwards　proved；　or　while　he　was　with　me；　his　buildings；　including　his　diorama；　his　studio；　his　laboratory；　with　all　the　beautiful　pictures　I　had　seen　the　day　before；　were　consumed　by　fire。　　Fortunately　for　mankind；　matter　only　was　consumed；　the　soul　and　mind　of　the　genius；　and　the　process　were　still　in　existence。〃

On　his　return　home；　Professor　Morse　waited　with　impatience　for　the　revelation　of　M。　Daguerre's　process；　and　no　sooner　was　it　published　than　he　procured　a　copy　of　the　work　containing　it；　and　at　once　commenced　taking　Daguerreotype　pictures。　At　first　his　object　was　solely　to　furnish　his　studio　with　studies　from　nature；　but　his　experiments　led　him　into　a　belief　of　the　practicability　of　procuring　portraits　by　the　process；　and　he　was　undoubtedly　the　first　whose　attempts　were　attended　with　success。　　Thinking；　at　that　time；　that　it　was　necessary　to　place　the　sitters　in　a　very　strong　light；　they　were　all　taken　with　their　eyes　closed。

Others　were　experimenting　at　the　same　time；　among　them　Mr。　Wolcott　and　Prof。　Draper；　and　Mr。　Morse；　with　his　acustomed　modesty；　thinks　that　it　would　be　difficult　to　say　to　whom　is　due　the　credit　of　the　first　Daguerreotype　portrait。　At　all　events；　so　far　as　my　knowledge　serves　me；　Professor　Morse　deserves　the　laurel　wreath；　as　from　him　originated　the　first　of　our　inumerable　class　of　Daguerreotypists；　and　many　of　his　pupils　have　carried　the　manipulation　to　very　great　perfection。　In　connection　with　this　matter　I　will　give　the　concluding　paragraph　of　a　private　letter　from　the　Professor　to　me；　He　says。

〃If　mine　were　the　first；　other　experimenters　soon　made　better　results；　and　if　there　are　any　who　dispute　that　I　was　first；　I　shall　have　no　argument　with　them；　for　I　was　not　so　anxious　to　be　the　first　to　produce　the　result；　as　to　produce　it　in　any　way。　　I　esteem　it　but　the　natural　carrying　out　of　the　wonderful　discovery；　and　that　the　credit　was　after　all　due　to　Daguerre。　I　lay　no　claim　to　any　improvements。〃

Since　I　commenced　the　compilation　of　this　work；　I　have　had　the　pleasure　of　making　the　acquaintance　of　an　American　gentlemanJames　M。　Wattles　Esq。　who　as　early　as　1828and　it　will　be　seen；　by　what　I　have　already　stated；　that　this　is　about　the　same　date　of　M。　Niepce's　discoveryhad　his　attention　attracted　to　the　subject　of　Photography；　or　as　he　termed　it　〃Solar　picture　drawing；〃　while　taking　landscape　views　by　means　of　the　camera…obscura。　When　we　reflect　upon　all　the　circumstances　connected　with　his　experiments；　the　great　disadvantages　under　which　be　labored；　and　his　extreme　youthfullness；　we　cannot　but　feel　a　national　prideyet　wonderthat　a　mere　yankee　boy；　surrounded　by　the　deepest　forests；　hundred　of　miles　from　the　populous　portion　of　our　country；　without　the　necessary　materials；　or　resources　for　procuring　them；　should　by　the　force　of　his　natural　genius　make　a　discovery；　and　put　it　in　practical　use；　to　accomplish　which；　the　most　learned　philosophers　of　Europe；　with　every　requisite　apparatus；　and　a　profound　knowledge　of　chemistryspent　years　of　toil　to　accomplish。　How　much　more　latent　talent　may　now　be　slumbering　from　the　very　same　cause　which　kept　Mr。　Wattles　from　publicly　revealing　his　discoveries；　viz；　want　of　encouragementridicule！

At　the　time　when　the　idea　of　taking　pictures　permanently　on　paper　by　means　of　the　camera…obscura　first　occurred　to　him；　he　was　but　sixteen　years　of　age；　and　under　the　instructions　of　Mr。　Charles　Le　Seuer；　（a　talented　artist　from　Paris）　at　the　New　Harmony　school；　Indiana。　Drawing　and　painting　being　the　natural　bent　of　his　mind；　be　was　frequently　employed　by　the　professors　to　make　landscape　sketches　in　the　manner　mentioned。　　The　beauty　of　the　image　of　these　landscapes　produced　on　the　paper　in　the　camera…obscura；　caused　him　to　pause　and　admire　them　with　all　the　ardor　of　a　young　artist；　and　wish　that　by　some　means；　he　could　fix　them　there　in　all　their　beauty。　From　wishing　he　brought　himself　to　think　that　it　was　not　only　possible　but　actually　capable　of　accomplishment　and　from　thinking　it　could；　he　resolved　it　should　be　done。

He　was；　however；　wholly　ignorant　of　even　the　first　principles　of　chemistry；　and　natural　philosophy；　and　all　the　knowledge　he　was　enabled　to　obtain　from　his　teachers　was　of　very　little　service　to　him。　To　add　to　this；　whenever　he　mentioned　his　hopes　to　his　parents；　they　laughed　at　him；　and　bade　him　attend　to　his　studies　and　let　such　moonshine　thoughts　alonestill　he　persevered；　though　secretly；　and　he　met　with　the　succes　his　peseverance　deserved。

For　the　truth　of　his　statement；　Mr。　Wattles　refers　to　some　of　our　most　respectable　citizens　residing　at　the　west；　and　I　am　in　hopes　that　I　shall　be　enabled　to　receive　in　time　for　this　publication；　a　confirmation　from　one　or　more　of　these　gentlemen。　　Be　that　as　it　may；　I　feel　confident　in　the　integrity　of　Mr。　Wattles；　and　can　give　his　statement　to　the　world　without　a　doubt　of　its　truth。

The　following　sketch　of　his　experiments　and　their　results　will；　undoubtedly；　be　interesting　to　every　American　reader　and　although　some　of　the　profound　philosophers　of　Europe　may　smile　at　his　method　of　proceeding；　it　will　in　some　measure　show　the　innate　genius　of　American　minds；　and　prove