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the cavalry general-第8部分

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'8' Cf。 Eur。 〃Autolycus;〃 fr。 1; trans。 by J。 A。 Symonds; 〃Greek



    Poets;〃 2nd series; p。 283。







'9' Cf。 Plut。 〃Pelop。〃 34 (Clough; ii。 p。 235): 〃And yet who would



    compare all the victories in the Pythian and Olympian games put



    together; with one of these enterprises of Pelopidas; of which he



    successfully performed so many?〃







'10' 〃To bind about the brows of states happiness as a coronal。〃







And this; too; is worth noting: that the buccaneer by sea; the



privateersman; through long practice in endurance; is able to live at



the expense of far superior powers。 Yes; and the life of the



freebooter is no less natural and appropriate to landsmenI do not



say; to those who can till and gather in the fruit of their fields;



but to those who find themselves deprived of sustenance; since there



is no alternativeeither men must till their fields or live on the



tillage of others; otherwise how will they find the means either of



living or of obtaining peace?'11'







'11' Cf。 〃Econ。〃 v。 7。







Here; too; is a maxim to engrave upon the memory: in charging a



superior force; never to leave a difficult tract of ground in the rear



of your attack; since there is all the difference in the world between



a stumble in flight and a stumble in pursuit。







There is another precaution which I feel called upon to note。 Some



generals;'12' in attacking a force which they imagine to be inferior



to their own; will advance with a ridiculously insufficient force;'13'



so that it is the merest accident if they do not experience the injury



they were minded to inflict。 Conversely; in attacking any enemy whose



superiority is a well…known fact; they will bring the whole of their



force into action。







'12' Or; 〃one knows of generals;〃 e。g。 Iphicrates at Oneion; 369 B。C。



    Cf。 〃Hell。〃 VI。 v。 51。







'13' Lit。 〃an absolutely weak force。〃







Now; my maxim would be precisely converse: if you attack with a



prospect of superiority; do not grudge employing all the power at your



command; excess of victory'14' never yet caused any conqueror one pang



of remorse。







'14' Or; 〃a great and decided victory。〃 Cf。 〃Hiero;〃 ii。 16。







But in any attempt to attack superior forces; in full certainty that;



do what you can; you must eventually retire; it is far better; say I;



under these circumstances to bring a fraction only of your whole force



into action; which fraction should be the pick and flower of the



troops at your command; both horses and men。 A body of that size and



quality will be able to strike a blow and to fall back with greater



security。 Whereas; if a general brings all his troops into action



against a superior force; when he wishes to retire; certain things



must happen: those of his men who are worse mounted will be captured;



others through lack of skill in horsemanship will be thrown; and a



third set be cut off owing to mere difficulties of ground; since it is



impossible to find any large tract of country exactly what you would



desire。 If for no other reason; through sheer stress of numbers there



will be collisions; and much damage done by kicks through mutual



entanglement; whereas a pick of horse and men will be able to escape



offhand;'15' especially if you have invention to create a scare in the



minds of the pursuers by help of the moiety of troops who are out of



action。'16' For this purpose false ambuscades will be of use。







'15' Or; 〃by themselves;〃 reading {ex auton}; as L。 Dind。 suggests。



    Cf。 Polyb。 x。 40。 6; or if as vulg。 {ex auton} (sub。 {kheiron};



    Weiske); transl。 〃to slip through their fingers。〃







'16' Zeune and other commentators cf Liv。 v。 38 (Diod。 xiv。 114); but



    the part played by the Roman subsidiarii at the battle of the



    Allia; if indeed 〃una salus fugientibus;〃 was scarcely happy。



    Would not 〃Hell。〃 VII。 v。 26 be more to the point? The detachment



    of cavalry and infantry placed by Epaminondas 〃on certain crests;



    to create an apprehension in the minds of the Athenians〃 in that



    quarter of the field at Mantinea was a {mekhanema} of the kind



    here contemplated。







Another serviceable expedient will be to discover on which side a



friendly force may suddenly appear and without risk to itself put a



drag on the wheels of the pursuer。 Nay; it is self…evident; I think;



that; as far as work and speed are concerned; it is the small body



which will assert its superiority more rapidly over the larger; and



not vice versanot of course that the mere fact of being a small body



will enable them to endure toil or give them wings; but simply it is



easier to find five men than five hundred; who will take the requisite



care and pains with their horses; and personally practise of their own



accord the art of horsemanship。







But suppose the chance should occur of entering the lists against an



equal number of the enemy's cavalry; according to my judgment it were



no bad plan to split the squadron into divisions;'17' the first of



which should be commanded by the squadron…leader; and the other by the



ablest officer to be found。 This second…officer will for the time



being follow in rear of the leading division with the squadron leader;



and by and by; when the antagonist is in near proximity; and when the



word of command is passed; form squadron to the front and charge the



hostile ranks'18'a manouvre calculated; as I conceive; to bring the



whole mass down upon the enemy with paralysing force; and to cause him



some trouble to extricate himself。 Ideally speaking; both



divisions'19' will be backed by infantry kept in rear of the cavalry;



these will suddenly disclose themselves; and rushing to close



quarters; in all probability clench the nail of victory。'20' So at any



rate it strikes me; seeing as I do the effects of what is unexpected



how; in the case of good things; the soul of man is filled to



overflowing with joy; and again; in the case of things terrible;



paralysed with amazement。 In proof of what I say; let any one reflect



on the stupor into which a body of men with all the weight of



numerical advantage on their side will be betrayed by falling into an



ambuscade; or again; on the exaggerated terror mutually inspired in



belligerents during the first few days; of finding themselves posted



in face of one another。







'17' Or; 〃troops。〃







'18' Possibly on flank。 See Courier; p。 35; on Spanish cavalry



    tactics。







'19' Lit。 〃supposing both divisions to be backed by footmen;〃 etc。







'20' Or; 〃achieve a much more decisive victory。〃 Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 III。



    iii。 28。







To make these dispositions is not hard; the difficulty is to discover



a body of men who will dash forward'21' and charge an enemy as above



described intelligently and loyally; with an eager spirit and



unfailing courage。 That is a problem for a good cavalry general to



solve。 I mean an officer who must be competent to so assert himself in



speech or action'22' that those under him will no longer hesitate。



They will recognise of themselves that it is a good thing and a right



to obey;'23' to follow their leader; to rush to close quarters with



the foe。 A desire will consume them to achieve some deed of glory and



renown。 A capacity will be given them patiently to abide by the



resolution of their souls。







'21' {parelontas}; in reference to S。 18 above; {parelaunoi}; 〃form



    squadron to the front。〃







'22' 〃To be this; he must be able as an orator as well as a man of



    action。〃 Cf。 〃Mem。〃 II。 ii。 11。







'23' Cf。 Tennyson's 〃The Charge of the Light Brigade〃:







Their's not to make reply;



Their's not to reason why;



Their's but to do and die。











To turn to another matter; take the case in which you have two armeis



facing one another in battle order; or a pair of fortresses'24'



belonging to rival powers; and in the space between all kinds of



cavalry manouvres are enacted; wheelings and charges and retreats。'25'



Under such circumstances the custom usually is for either party after



wheeling to set off at a slow pace and to gallop full speed only in



the middle of the course。 But now suppose that a commander; after



making feint'26' in this style; presently on wheeling quickens for the



charge and quickens to retirehe will be able to hit the enemy far



harder; and pull through absolutely without scathe himself most



likely; through charging at full speed whilst in proximity to his own



stronghold (or main body); and quickening to a gallop as he retires



from the stronghold (or main body) of the enemy。 If further; he could



secretly contrive to leave behind four or five troopers; the bravest



and best mounted of the squadron; it would give them an immense



advantage in falling upon the enemy whilst wheeling to return to the



charge。'27'







'24' Al。 〃fields and farmsteads between。〃







'25' Or; 〃retirements;〃 see 〃Horsemanship;〃 viii。 12; 〃Cyrop。〃 V。 iv。



    8; 〃Hell。〃 IV。 ii。 6; 〃Ages。〃 ii。 3。







'26' Or; 〃having precluded in this fashion。 See Theocr。 xxii。 102:







        {ton men anax ataraxen etosia khersi prodeiknus Pantothen};







    〃feinting on every side〃 (A。 Lang)。 Al。 〃having given due warning



    of his intention。〃 Cf。 Aristot。 〃H。 A。〃 ix。 37。







'27' Cf。 Aristoph。 〃Knights;〃 244 (Demosthenes calls to the



    hippa
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