the religion of babylonia and assyria-第8部分

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　whom　no　feast　took　place　in　ê…kura。　Like　Nebo；　he　bore　the　glorious　spectre；　and　it　was　said　of　him　that　he　attacked　mightily　in　battle。　Without　him　the　sun…god；　the　judge；　could　not　give　judgment。

All　this　points　to　the　probability；　that　Nusku　may　not　have　been　the　fire…god；　but　the　brother　of　the　fire…god；　i。e。　either　flame；　or　the　light　of　fire。　The　sun…god；　without　light；　could　not　see；　and　therefore　could　not　give　judgment：　no　feast　could　be　prepared　without　fire　and　its　flame。　As　the　evidence　of　the　presence　of　the　shining　orbs　in　the　heavensthe　light　of　their　fireshe　was　the　messenger　of　the　gods；　and　was　honoured　accordingly。　From　this　idea；　too；　he　became　their　messenger　in　general；　especially　of　Bel…Merodach；　the　younger　Bel；　whose　requests　he　carried　to　the　god　êa　in　the　Deep。　In　one　inscription　he　is　identified　with　Nirig　or　ênu…rê？tu；　who　is　described　above。


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Merodach。

Concerning　this　god；　and　how　he　arose　to　the　position　of　king　of　all　the　gods　of　heaven；　has　been　fully　shown　in　chapter　III。　Though　there　is　but　little　in　his　attributes　to　indicate　any　connection　with　？ama？；　there　is　hardly　any　doubt　that　he　was　originally　a　sun…god；　as　is　shown　by　the　etymology　of　his　name。　The　form；　as　it　has　been　handed　down　to　us；　is　somewhat　shortened；　the　original　pronunciation　having　been　/Amar…uduk/；　〃the　young　steer　of　day；〃　a　name　which　suggests　that　he　was　the　morning　sun。　Of　the　four　names　given　at　the　end　of　chapter　III。；　two〃lord　of　Babylon；〃　and　〃lord　god　of　heaven　and　earth；〃may　be　regarded　as　expressing　his　more　well…known　attributes。　/En…ab…？ar…　u/；　however；　is　a　provisional；　though　not　impossible；　reading　and　rendering；　and　if　correct；　the　〃36；000　wild　bulls〃　would　be　a　metaphorical　way　of　speaking　of　〃the　36；000　heroes；〃　probably　meaning　the　gods　of　heaven　in　all　their　grades。　The　signification　of　/En…　bilulu/　is　unknown。　Like　most　of　the　other　gods　of　the　Babylonian　pantheon；　however；　Merodach　had　many　other　names；　among　which　may　be　mentioned　/Asari/；　which　has　been　compared　with　the　Egyptian　Osiris；　/Asari…lu…duga/；　〃/Asari/　who　is　good；〃　compared　with　Osiris　Unnefer；　/Namtila/；　〃life〃；　/Tutu/；　〃begetter　（of　the　gods）；　renewer　（of　the　gods）；〃　/？ar…azaga/；　〃the　glorious　incantation；〃　/Mu…azaga/；　〃the　glorious　charm；〃　and　many　others。　The　last　two　refer　to　his　being　the　god　who；　by　his　kindness；　obtained　from　his　father　êa；　dwelling　in　the　abyss；　those　charms　and　incantations　which　benefited　mankind；　and　restored　the　sick　to　health。　In　this　connection；　a　frequent　title　given　to　him　is　〃the　merciful　one；〃　but　most　merciful　was　he　in　that　he　spared　the　lives　of　the　gods　who；　having　sided　with　Taiwath；　were　his　enemies；　as　is　related　in　the　tablet　of　the　fifty…one　names。　In　connection　with　the　fight　he　bore　also　the　names；　〃annihilator　of　the　enemy；〃　〃rooter　out　of　all　evil；〃　〃troubler　of　the　evil　ones；〃　〃life　of　the　whole　of　the　gods。〃　From　these　names　it　is　clear　that　Merodach；　in　defeating　Tiawath；　annihilated；　at　the　same　time；　the　spirit　of　evil；　Satan；　the　accuser；　of　which　she　was；　probably；　the　Babylonian　type。　But　unlike　the　Saviour　in　the　Christian　creed；　he　saved　not　only　man；　at　that　time　uncreated；　but　the　gods　of　heaven　also。　As　〃king　of　the　heavens；〃　he　was　identified　with　the　largest　of　the　planets；　Jupiter；　as　well　as　with　other　heavenly　bodies。　Traversing　the　sky　in　great　zigzags；　Jupiter　seemed　to　the　Babylonians　to　superintend　the　stars；　and　this　was　regarded　as　emblematic　of　Merodach　shepherding　them〃pasturing　the　gods　like　sheep；〃　as　the　tablet　has　it。

A　long　list　of　gods　gives　as　it　were　the　court　of　Merodach；　held　in　what　was　apparently　a　heavenly　/ê…sagila/；　and　among　the　spiritual　beings　mentioned　are　/Mina…？kul…bêli/　and　/Mina…i？t？…bêli/；　〃what　my　lord　has　eaten；〃　and　〃what　has　my　lord　drunk；〃　/Nadin…mê…gati/；　〃he　who　gives　water　for　the　hands；〃　also　the　two　door…keepers；　and　the　four　dogs　of　Merodach；　wherein　people　are　inclined　to　see　the　four　satellites　of　Jupiter；　which；　it　is　thought；　were　probably　visible　to　certain　of　the　more　sharp…sighted　stargazers　of　ancient　Babylonia。　These　dogs　were　called　/Ukkumu/；　/Akkulu/；　/Ik？suda/；　and　/Iltebu/；　〃Seizer；〃　〃Eater；〃　〃Grasper；〃　and　〃Holder。〃　Images　of　these　beings　were　probably　kept　in　the　temple　of　ê…sagila　at　Babylon。


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Zer…pan？tum。

This　was　the　name　of　the　consort　of　Merodach；　and　is　generally　read　Sarp（b）anituma　transcription　which　is　against　the　native　orthography　and　etymology；　namely；　〃seed…creatress〃　（Zer…ban？tum）。　The　meaning　attributed　to　this　word　is　partly　confirmed　by　another　name　which　Lehmann　has　pointed　out　that　she　possessed；　namely；　/Erua/　or　/Aru'a/；　who；　in　an　inscription　of　Antiochus　Soter　（280…260　B。C。）　is　called　〃the　queen　who　produces　birth；〃　but　more　especially　by　the　circumstance；　that　she　must　be　identical　with　Aruru；　who　created　the　seed　of　mankind　along　with　Merodach。　Why　she　was　called　〃the　lady　of　the　abyss；〃　and　elsewhere　〃the　voice　of　the　abyss〃　（/Me…abzu/）　is　not　known。　Zer…pan？tum　was　no　mere　reflection　of　Merodach；　but　one　of　the　most　important　goddesses　in　the　Babylonian　pantheon。　The　tendency　of　scholars　has　been　to　identify　her　with　the　moon；　Merodach　being　a　solar　deity　and　the　meaning　〃silvery〃/Sarpanitum/；　from　/sarpu/；　one　of　the　words　for　〃silver；〃　was　regarded　as　supporting　this　idea。　She　was　identified　with　the　Elamite　goddess　named　Elagu；　and　with　the　Lahamum　of　the　island　of　Bahrein；　the　Babylonian　Tilmun。


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Nebo　and　Ta？mêtum。

As　〃the　teacher〃　and　〃the　hearer〃　these　were　among　the　most　popular　of　the　deities　of　Babylonia　and　Assyria。　Nebo　（in　Semitic　Babylonian　Nab？）　was　worshipped　at　the　temple…tower　known　as　ê…zida；　〃the　ever…　lasting　house；〃　at　Borsippa；　now　the　Birs　Nimroud；　traditionally　regarded　as　the　site　of　the　Tower　of　Babel；　though　that　title；　as　has　already　been　shown；　would　best　suit　the　similar　structure　known　as　ê…sagila；　〃the　house　of　the　high　head；〃　in　Babylon　itself。　In　composition　with　men's　names；　this　deity　occurs　more　than　any　other；　even　including　Merodach　himselfa　clear　indication　of　the　estimation　in　which　the　Babylonians　and　Assyrians　held　the　possession　of　knowledge。　The　character　with　which　his　name　is　written　means；　with　the　pronunciation　of　/ak/；　〃to　make；〃　〃to　create；〃　〃to　receive；〃　〃to　proclaim；〃　and　with　the　pronunciation　of　/me/；　〃to　be　wise；〃　〃wisdom；〃　〃open　of　ear；〃　〃broad　of　ear；〃　and　〃to　make；　of　a　house；〃　the　last　probably　referring　to　the　design　rather　than　to　the　actual　building。　Under　the　name　of　/Dim…？ara/　he　was　〃the　creator　of　the　writing　of　the　scribes；〃　as　/Ni…zu/；　〃the　god　who　knows〃　（/zu/；　〃to　know〃）；　as　/Mermer/；　〃the　speeder（？）　of　the　command　of　the　gods〃on　the　Sumerian　side　indicating　some　connection　with　Addu　or　Rimmon；　the　thunderer；　and　on　the　Semitic　side　with　ênu…rê？tu；　who　was　one　of　the　gods'　messengers。　A　small　fragment　in　the　British　Museum　gave　his　attributes　as　god　of　the　various　cities　of　Babylonia；　but　unfortunately　their　names　are　lost　or　incomplete。　From　what　remains；　however；　we　see　that　Nebo　was　god　of　ditching（？）；　commerce（？）；　granaries（？）；　fasting（？）；　and　food；　it　was　he　who　overthrew　the　land　of　the　enemy；　and　who　protected　planting；　and；　lastly；　he　was　god　of　Borsippa。

The　worship　of　Nebo　was　not　always　as　popular　as　it　became　in　the　later　days　of　the　Babylonian　empire　and　after　its　fall；　and　Jastrow　is　of　opinion　that　Hammurabi　intentionally　ignored　this　deity；　giving　the　preference　to　Merodach；　though　he　did　not　suppress　the　worship。　Why　this　should　have　taken　place　is　not　by　any　means　certain；　for　Nebo　was　a　deity　adored　far　and　wide；　as　may　be　gathered　from　the　fact　that　there　was　a　mountain　bearing　his　name　in　Moab；　upon　which　Mosesalso　an　〃announcer；〃　adds　Jastrowdied。　Besides　the　mountain；　there　was　a　city　in　Moab　so　named；　and　another　in　Jud？a。　That　it　was　the　Babylonian　Nebo　originally　is　implied　by　the　formthe　Hebrew　corresponding　word　is　/nabi/。

How　old　the　worship　of　Ta？mêtum；　his　consort；　is；　is　doubtful；　but　her　name　first　occurs　in　a　date　of　the　reign　of　Hammurabi。　Details　concerning　her　attributes　are　rare；　and　Jastrow　regards　this　goddess　as　the　result　of　Babylonian　religious　speculations。　It　is　noteworthy　that　her　worship　appears　more　especially　in　later　times；　but　it　may　be　doubted　whether　it　is　a　product　of　those　late　times；　especially　when　we　bear　in　mind　the　remarkable　seal…impression　on　an　early　tablet　of　3500…4500　B。C。；　belonging　to　Lord　Amherst　of　Hackney；　in　which　we　see　a　male　figure　with　wide…open　mouth　seizing　a　stag　by　his　horns；　and　a　female　figure　with　no　mouth　at　all；　but　with　very　prominent　ears；　holding　a　bull　in　a　similar　manner。　Here　we　have　the　〃teacher〃　and　the　〃hearer〃　personified　in　a　very　remarkable　manner；　and　it　may　well　be　that　this　primitive　picture　shows　the　idea　then　prevailing　with　regard　to　these　two　deities。　It　is　to　be　noted　that　the　name　of　Ta？mêtum　has　a　Sumerian　equivalent；　namely；　/Kurnun/；　and　that　the　ideograph　by　which　it　is　represented　is　one　whose　general　meaning　seems　to　be　〃to　bind；〃　perhaps　with　the　additional　signification　of　〃to　accomplish；〃　in　which　case　〃she　who　hears〃　would　also　be　〃she　who　obeys。〃


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　？ama？　and　his　consort。

At　all　times　the　worship　of　the　sun　in　Babylonia　and　Assyria　was　exceedingly　popular；　as；　indeed；　was　to　be　expected　from　his　importance　as　the　greatest　of　the　heavenly　bodies　and　the　brightest；　without　whose　help　men　could　not　live；　and　it　is　an　exceedingly　noteworthy　fact　that　this　deity　did　not　become；　like　Ra　in　Egypt；　the　head　of　the　pantheon。　This　place　was　reserved　for　Merodach；　also　a　sun…god；　but　possessing　attributes　of　a　far　wider　scope。　？ama？　is　mentioned　as　early　as　the　reign　of　ê…anna…tum；　whose　date　is　set　at　about　4200　B。C。；　and　at　this　period　his　Semitic　name　does　not；　naturally；　occur；　the　character　used　being　/Utu/；　or；　in　its　longer　form；　/Utuki/。

It　is　worthy　of　note　that；　in　consequence　of　the　Babylonian　idea　of　evolution　in　the　creation　of　the　world；　less　perfect　beings　brought　forth　those　which　were　more　perfect；　and　the　sun　was　therefore　the　offspring　of　Nannara　or　Sin；　the　moon。　In　accordance　with　the　same　idea；　the　day；　with　the　Semites；　began　with　the　eveni