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hat　if　the　Romans　were　to　persist　in　carrying　on　the　siege；　the　autumnal　equinox　being　past　and　the　air　already　closing　in　for　cold；　he　should　be　deserted　by　his　soldiers；　who　would　suffer　anything　rather　than　wintering　in　open　field。　To　prevent　which；　he　had　recourse　to　the　following　deceit：　he　gave　orders　to　those　of　his　men　who　had　made　most　acquaintance　among　the　Roman　soldiers；　not　to　pursue　too　close　when　they　met　them　foraging；　but　to　suffer　them　to　carry　off　some　provision；　moreover；　that　they　should　praise　their　valour；　and　declare　that　it　was　not　without　just　reason　that　their　king　looked　upon　the　Romans　as　the　bravest　men　in　the　world。　This　done；　upon　further　opportunity；　they　rode　nearer　in；　and；　drawing　up　their　horses　by　the　men；　began　to　revile　for　his　obstinacy；　that　whereas　Phraates　desired　nothing　more　than　peace；　and　an　occasion　to　show　how　ready　he　was　to　save　the　lives　of　so　many　brave　soldiers；　he；　on　the　contrary；　gave　no　opening　to　any　friendly　offers；　but　sat　awaiting　the　arrival　of　the　two　fiercest　and　worst　enemies；　winter　and　famine；　from　whom　it　would　be　hard　for　them　to　make　their　escape；　even　with　all　the　good…will　of　the　Parthians　to　help　them。　Antony；　having　these　reports　from　many　hands；　began　to　indulge　the　hope；　nevertheless；　he　would　not　send　any　message　to　the　Parthian　till　he　had　put　the　question　to　these　friendly　talkers；　whether　what　they　said　was　said　by　order　of　their　king。　Receiving　answer　that　it　was；　together　with　new　encouragement　to　believe　them；　he　sent　some　of　his　friends　to　demand　once　more　the　standards　and　prisoners；　lest　if　he　should　ask　nothing；　he　might　be　supposed　to　be　too　thankful　to　have　leave　to　retreat　in　quiet。　The　Parthian　king　made　answer　that；　as　for　the　standards　and　prisoners；　he　need　not　trouble　himself：　but　if　he　thought　fit　to　retreat；　he　might　do　it　when　he　pleased；　in　peace　and　safety。　Some　few　days；　therefore；　being　spent　in　collecting　the　baggage　he　set　out　upon　his　march。　On　which　occasion；　though　there　was　no　man　of　his　time　like　him　for　addressing　a　multitude；　or　for　carrying　soldiers　with　him　by　the　force　of　words；　out　of　shame　and　sadness　he　could　not　find　in　his　heart　to　speak　himself　but　employed　Domitius　Aenobarbus。　And　some　of　the　soldiers　resented　it；　as　an　undervaluing　of　them；　but　the　greater　number　saw　the　true　cause；　and　pitied　it；　and　thought　it　rather　a　reason　why　they　on　their　side　should　treat　their　general　with　more　respect　and　obedience　than　ordinary。　　　Antony　had　resolved　to　return　by　the　same　way　he　came；　which　was　through　a　level　country　clear　of　all　trees；　but　a　certain　Mardian　came　to　him　（one　that　was　very　conversant　with　the　manners　of　the　Parthians；　and　whose　fidelity　to　the　Romans　had　been　tried　at　the　battle　where　the　machines　were　lost）；　and　advised　him　to　keep　the　mountains　close　on　his　right　hand；　and　not　to　expose　his　men；　heavily　armed；　in　a　broad；　open；　riding　country；　to　the　attacks　of　a　numerous　army　of　light　horse　and　archers；　that　Phraates　with　fair　promises　had　persuaded　him　from　the　siege　on　purpose　that　he　might　with　more　ease　cut　him　off　in　his　retreat；　but　if　so　he　pleased；　he　would　conduct　him　by　a　nearer　route；　on　which　moreover　he　should　find　the　necessaries　for　his　army　in　greater　abundance。　Antony　upon　this　began　to　consider　what　was　best　to　be　done；　he　was　unwilling　to　seem　to　have　any　mistrust　of　the　Parthians　after　their　treaty；　but；　holding　it　to　be　really　best　to　march　his　army　the　shorter　and　more　inhabited　way；　he　demanded　of　the　Mardian　some　assurance　of　his　faith；　who　offered　himself　to　be　bound　until　the　army　came　safe　into　Armenia。　Two　days　he　conducted　the　army　bound；　and；　on　the　third；　when　Antony　had　given　up　all　thought　of　the　enemy；　and　was　marching　at　his　ease　in　no　very　good　order；　the　Mardian；　perceiving　the　bank　of　the　river　broken　down；　and　the　water　let　out　and　overflowing　the　road　by　which　they　were　to　pass；　saw　at　once　that　this　was　the　handiwork　of　the　Parthians；　done　out　of　mischief；　and　to　hinder　their　march：　so　he　advised　Antony　to　be　upon　his　guard；　for　that　the　enemy　was　nigh　at　hand。　And　sooner　had　he　begun　to　put　his　men　in　order；　disposing　the　slingers　and　dart…men　in　convenient　intervals　for　sallying　out；　but　the　Parthians　came　pouring　in　on　all　sides；　fully　expecting　to　encompass　them；　and　throw　the　whole　army　into　disorder。　They　were　at　once　attacked　by　the　light　troops；　whom　they　galled　a　good　deal　with　their　arrows；　but　being　themselves　as　warmly　entertained　with　the　slings　and　darts；　and　many　wounded；　they　made　their　retreat。　Soon　after；　rallying　up　afresh；　they　were　beat　back　by　a　battalion　of　Gallic　horse；　and　appeared　no　more　that　day。　　　By　their　manner　of　attack　Antony；　seeing　what　to　do；　not　only　placed　the　slings　and　darts　as　a　rear　guard；　but　also　lined　both　flanks　with　them；　and　so　marched　in　a　square　battle；　giving　order　to　the　horse　to　charge　and　beat　off　the　enemy；　but　not　to　follow　them　far　as　they　retired。　So　that　the　Parthians；　not　doing　more　mischief　for　the　four　ensuing　days　than　they　received；　began　to　abate　in　their　zeal；　and；　complaining　that　the　winter　season　was　much　advanced；　pressed　for　returning　home。　　　But；　on　the　fifth　day；　Flavius　Gallus；　a　brave　and　active　officer；　who　had　a　considerable　command　in　the　army；　came　to　Antony；　desiring　of　him　some　light　infantry　out　of　the　rear；　and　some　horse　out　of　the　front；　with　which　he　would　undertake　to　do　some　considerable　service。　Which　when　he　had　obtained；　he　beat　the　enemy　back；　not　withdrawing；　as　was　usual；　at　the　same　time；　and　retreating　upon　the　mass　of　the　heavy　infantry；　but　maintaining　his　own　ground；　and　engaging　boldly。　The　officers　who　commanded　in　the　rear；　perceiving　how　far　he　was　getting　from　the　body　of　the　army；　sent　to　warn　him　back；　but　he　took　no　notice　of　them。　It　is　said　that　Titius　the　quaestor　snatched　the　standards　and　turned　them　round；　upbraiding　Gallus　with　thus　leading　so　many　brave　men　to　destruction。　But　when　he　on　the　other　side　reviled　him　again；　and　commanded　the　men　that　were　about　him　to　stand　firm；　Titius　made　his　retreat；　and　Gallus；　charging　the　enemies　in　the　front；　was　encompassed　by　a　party　that　fell　upon　his　rear；　which　at　length　perceiving；　he　sent　a　messenger　to　demand　succour。　But　the　commanders　of　the　heavy　infantry；　Canidius　amongst　others；　a　particular　favourite　of　Antony's；　seem　here　to　have　committed　a　great　oversight。　For；　instead　of　facing　about　with　the　whole　body；　they　sent　small　parties；　and；　when　they　were　defeated；　they　still　sent　out　small　parties；　so　that　by　their　bad　management　the　rout　would　have　spread　through　the　whole　army；　if　Antony　himself　had　not　marched　from　the　van　at　the　head　of　the　third　legion；　and；　passing　this　through　among　the　fugitives；　faced　the　enemies；　and　hindered　them　from　any　further　pursuit。　　　In　this　engagement　were　killed　three　thousand；　five　thousand　were　carried　back　to　the　camp　wounded；　amongst　the　rest　Gallus；　shot　through　the　body　with　four　arrows；　of　which　wounds　he　died。　Antony　went　from　tent　to　tent　to　visit　and　comfort　the　rest　of　them；　and　was　not　able　to　see　his　men　without　tears　and　a　passion　of　grief。　They；　however；　seized　his　hand　with　joyful　faces；　bidding　him　go　and　see　to　himself　and　not　be　concerned　about　them；　calling　him　their　emperor　and　their　general；　and　saying　that　if　he　did　well　they　were　safe。　For；　in　short；　never　in　all　these　times　can　history　make　mention　of　a　general　at　the　head　of　a　more　splendid　army；　whether　you　consider　strength　and　youth；　or　patience　and　sufferance　in　labours　and　fatigues；　but　as　for　the　obedience　and　affectionate　respect　they　bore　their　general；　and　the　unanimous　feeling　amongst　small　and　great　alike；　officers　and　common　soldiers；　to　prefer　his　good　opinion　of　them　to　their　very　lives　and　being；　in　this　part　of　military　excellence　it　was　not　possible　that　they　could　have　been　surpassed　by　the　very　Romans　of　old。　For　this　devotion；　as　I　have　said　before；　there　were　many　reasons；　as　the　nobility　of　his　family；　his　eloquence；　his　frank　and　open　manners；　his　liberal　and　magnificent　habits；　his　familiarity　in　talking　with　everybody；　and；　at　this　time　particularly；　his　kindness　in　visiting　and　pitying　the　sick；　joining　in　all　their　pains；　and　furnishing　them　with　all　things　necessary；　so　that　the　sick　and　wounded　were　even　more　eager　to　serve　than　those　that　were　whole　and　strong。　　　Nevertheless；　this　last　victory　had　so　encouraged　the　enemy　that；　instead　of　their　former　impatience　and　weariness；　they　began　soon　to　feel　contempt　for　the　Romans；　staying　all　night　near　the　camp；　in　expectation　of　plundering　their　tents　and　baggage；　which　they　concluded　they　must　abandon；　and　in　the　morning　new　forces　arrived　in　large　masses；　so　that　their　number　was　grown　to　be　not　less；　it　is　said；　than　forty　thousand　horse；　and　the　king　had　sent　the　very　guards　that　attended　upon　his　own　person；　as　to　a　sure　and　unquestioned　victory；　for　he　himself　was　never　present　in　any　fight。　Antony；　designing　to　harangue　the　soldiers；　called　for　a　mourning　habit　that　he　might　move　them　the　more；　but　was　dissuaded　by　his　friends；　so　he　came　forward　in　the　general's　scarlet　cloak；　and　addressed　them；　praising　those　that　had　gained　the　victory；　and　reproaching　those　that　had　fled；　the　former　answering　him　with　promises　of　success；　and　the　latter　excusing　themselves；　and　telling　him　they　were　ready　to　undergo　decimation；　or　any　other　punishment　he　should　please　to　inflict　upon　them；　only　entreating　that　he　would　forget　and　not　discompose　himself　with　their　faults。　At　which　he　lifted　up　his　hands　to　heaven；　and　prayed　the　gods　that；　if　to　balance　the　great　favours　he　had　received　of　them　any　judgment　lay　in　store；　they　would　pour　it　upon　his　head　alone；　and　grant　his　soldiers　victory。　　　The　next　day　they　took　better　order　for　their　march；　and　the　Parthians；　who　thought　they　were　marching　rather　to　plunder　than　to　fight；　were　much　taken　aback；　when　they　came　up　and　were　received　with　a　shower　of　missiles；　to　find　the　enemy　not　disheartened；　but　fresh　and　resolute。　So　that　they　themselves　began　to　lose　courage。　But　at　the　descent　of　a　bill　where　the　Romans　were　obliged　to　pass；　they　got　together；　and　let　fly　their　arrows　upon　them　as　they　moved　slowly　down。　But　the　full…armed　infantry；　facing　round；　received　the　light