on some fossil remains of man-第7部分

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Central　Asia；　bitterly　cold　in　winter；　and　as　far　from　the　sea　as　any
part　of　the　world　can　be。

From　Central　Asia　eastward　to　the　Pacific　Islands　and　subcontinents　on
the　one　hand；　and　to　America　on　the　other；　brachycephaly　and
orthognathism　gradually　diminish；　and　are　replaced　by　dolichocephaly
and　prognathism；　less；　however；　on　the　American　Continent　（throughout
the　whole　length　of　which　a　rounded　type　of　skull　prevails　largely；　but
not　exclusively）*　than　in　the　Pacific　region；　where；　at　length；　on　the
Australian　Continent　and　in　the　adjacent　islands；　the　oblong　skull；　the
projecting　jaws；　and　the　dark　skin　reappear；　with　so　much　departure；　in
other　respects；　from　the　Negro　type；　that　ethnologists　assign　to　these
people　the　special　title　of　'Negritoes。'

　　　　＇footnote＇　*See　Dr。　D。　Wilson's　valuable　paper　〃On　the
　　　　supposed　prevalence　of　one　Cranial　Type　throughout　the
　　　　American　aborigines。〃'Canadian　Journal'；　vol。　ii。；　1857。

The　Australian　skull　is　remarkable　for　its　narrowness　and　for　the
thickness　of　its　walls；　especially　in　the　region　of　the　supraciliary
ridge；　which　is　frequently；　though　not　by　any　means　invariably；　solid
throughout；　the　frontal　sinuses　remaining　undeveloped。　　The　nasal
depression；　again；　is　extremely　sudden；　so　that　the　brows　overhang　and
give　the　countenance　a　particularly　lowering；　threatening　expression。
The　occipital　region　of　the　skull；　also；　not　unfrequently　becomes　less
prominent；　so　that　it　not　only　fails　to　project　beyond　a　line　drawn
perpendicular　to　the　hinder　extremity　of　the　glabello…occipital　line；
but　even；　in　some　cases；　begins　to　shelve　away　from　it；　forwards；
almost　immediately。　　In　consequence　of　this　circumstance；　the　parts　of
the　occipital　bone　which　lie　above　and　below　the　tuberosity　make　a　much
more　acute　angle　with　one　another　than　is　usual；　whereby　the　hinder
part　of　the　base　of　the　skull　appears　obliquely　truncated。　　Many
Australian　skulls　have　a　considerable　height；　quite　equal　to　that　of
the　average　of　any　other　race；　but　there　are　others　in　which　the　cranial
roof　becomes　remarkably　depressed；　the　skull；　at　the　same　time；
elongating　so　much　that；　probably；　its　capacity　is　not　diminished。　　The
majority　of　skulls　possessing　these　characters；　which　I　have　seen；　are
from　the　neighbourhood　of　Port　Adelaide　in　South　Australia；　and　have
been　used　by　the　natives　as　water　vessels；　to　which　end　the　face　has
been　knocked　away；　and　a　string　passed　through　the　vacuity　and　the
occipital　foramen；　so　that　the　skull　was　suspended　by　the　greater　part
of　its　basis。

FIG。　30。An　Australian　skull　from　Western　Port；　in　the　Museum　of　the
Royal　College　of　Surgeons；　with　the　contour　of　the　Neanderthal　skull。
Both　reduced　to　one…third　the　natural　size。

Figure　30　represents　the　contour　of　a　skull　of　this　kind　from　Western
Port；　with　the　jaw　attached；　and　of　the　Neanderthal　skull；　both　reduced
to　one…third　of　the　size　of　nature。　　A　small　additional　amount　of
flattening　and　lengthening；　with　a　corresponding　increase　of　the
supraciliary　ridge；　would　convert　the　Australian　brain　case　into　a　form
identical　with　that　of　the　aberrant　fossil。

And　now；　to　return　to　the　fossil　skulls；　and　to　the　rank　which　they
occupy　among；　or　beyond；　these　existing　varieties　of　cranial
conformation。　　In　the　first　place；　I　must　remark；　that；　as　Professor
Schmerling　well　observed　（'supra'；　p。　300）　in　commenting　upon　the　Engis
skull；　the　formation　of　a　safe　judgment　upon　the　question　is　greatly
hindered　by　the　absence　of　the　jaws　from　both　the　crania；　so　that　there
is　no　means　of　deciding　with　certainty；　whether　they　were　more　or　less
prognathous　than　the　lower　existing　races　of　mankind。　　And　yet；　as　we
have　seen；　it　is　more　in　this　respect　than　any　other；　that　human　skulls
vary；　towards　and　from；　the　brutal　typethe　brain　case　of　an　average
dolichocephalic　European　differing　far　less　from　that　of　a　Negro；　for
example；　than　his　jaws　do。　　In　the　absence　of　the　jaws；　then；　any
judgment　on　the　relations　of　the　fossil　skulls　to　recent　Races　must　be
accepted　with　a　certain　reservation。

But　taking　the　evidence　as　it　stands；　and　turning　first　to　the　Engis
skull；　I　confess　I　can　find　no　character　in　the　remains　of　that　cranium
which；　if　it　were　a　recent　skull；　would　give　any　trustworthy　clue　as　to
the　Race　to　which　it　might　appertain。　　Its　contours　and　measurements
agree　very　well　with　those　of　some　Australian　skulls　which　I　have
examinedand　especially　has　it　a　tendency　towards　that　occipital
flattening；　to　the　great　extent　of　which；　in　some　Australian　skulls；　I
have　alluded。　　But　all　Australian　skulls　do　not　present　this　flattening；
and　the　supraciliary　ridge　of　the　Engis　skull　is　quite　unlike　that　of
the　typical　Australians。

On　the　other　hand；　its　measurements　agree　equally　well　with　those　of
some　European　skulls。　And　assuredly；　there　is　no　mark　of　degradation
about　any　part　of　its　structure。　　It　is；　in　fact；　a　fair　average　human
skull；　which　might　have　belonged　to　a　philosopher；　or　might　have
contained　the　thoughtless　brains　of　a　savage。

The　case　of　the　Neanderthal　skull　is　very　different。　　Under　whatever
aspect　we　view　this　cranium；　whether　we　regard　its　vertical　depression；
the　enormous　thickness　of　its　supraciliary　ridges；　its　sloped　occiput；
or　its　long　and　straight　squamosal　suture；　we　meet　with　ape…like
characters；　stamping　it　as　the　most　pithecoid　of　human　crania　yet
discovered。　　But　Professor　Schaaffhausen　states　（'supra'；　p。　308）；　that
the　cranium；　in　its　present　condition；　holds　1033。24　cubic　centimetres
of　water；　or　about　63　cubic　inches；　and　as　the　entire　skull　could　hardly
have　held　less　than　an　additional　12　cubic　inches；　its　capacity　may　be
estimated　at　about　75　cubic　inches；　which　is　the　average　capacity　given
by　Morton　for　Polynesian　and　Hottentot　skulls。

So　large　a　mass　of　brain　as　this；　would　alone　suggest　that　the　pithecoid
tendencies；　indicated　by　this　skull；　did　not　extend　deep　into　the
organization；　and　this　conclusion　is　borne　out　by　the　dimensions　of　the
other　bones　of　the　skeleton　given　by　Professor　Schaaffhausen；　which
show　that　the　absolute　height　and　relative　proportions　of　the　limbs
were　quite　those　of　an　European　of　middle　stature。　　The　bones　are
indeed　stouter；　but　this　and　the　great　development　of　the　muscular
ridges　noted　by　Dr。　Schaaffhausen；　are　characters　to　be　expected　in
savages。　　The　Patagonians；　exposed　without　shelter　or　protection　to　a
climate　possibly　not　very　dissimilar　from　that　of　Europe　at　the　time
during　which　the　Neanderthal　man　lived；　are　remarkable　for　the
stoutness　of　their　limb　bones。

FIG。　31。Ancient　Danish　skull　from　a　tumulus　at　Borreby：　　one…third　of
the　natural　size。　From　a　camera　lucida　drawing　by　Mr。　Busk。

In　no　sense；　then；　can　the　Neanderthal　bones　be　regarded　as　the　remains
of　a　human　being　intermediate　between　Men　and　Apes。　　At　most；　they
demonstrate　the　existence　of　a　man　whose　skull　may　be　said　to　revert
somewhat　towards　the　pithecoid　typejust　as　a　Carrier；　or　a　Pouter；　or
a　Tumbler；　may　sometimes　put　on　the　plumage　of　its　primitive　stock；　the
'Columba　livia'。　　And　indeed；　though　truly　the　most　pithecoid　of　known
human　skulls；　the　Neanderthal　cranium　is　by　no　means　so　isolated　as　it
appears　to　be　at　first；　but　forms；　in　reality；　the　extreme　term　of　a
series　leading　gradually　from　it　to　the　highest　and　best　developed　of
human　crania。　On　the　one　hand；　it　is　closely　approached　by　the
flattened　Australian　skulls；　of　which　I　have　spoken；　from　which　other
Australian　forms　lead　us　gradually　up　to　skulls　having　very　much　the
type　of　the　Engis　cranium。　　And；　on　the　other　hand；　it　is　even　more
closely　affined　to　the　skulls　of　certain　ancient　people　who　inhabited
Denmark　during　the　'stone　period；'　and　were　probably　either
contemporaneous　with；　or　later　than；　the　makers　of　the　'refuse　heaps；'
or　'Kjokkenmoddings'　of　that　country。

The　correspondence　between　the　longitudinal　contour　of　the　Neanderthal
skull　and　that　of　some　of　those　skulls　from　the　tumuli　at　Borreby；　very
accurate　drawings　of　which　have　been　made　by　Mr。　Busk；　is　very　close。
The　occiput　is　quite　as　retreating；　the　supraciliary　ridges　are　nearly
as　prominent；　and　the　skull　is　as　low。　　Furthermore；　the　Borreby　skull
resembles　the　Neanderthal　form　more　closely　than　any　of　the　Australian
skulls　do；　by　the　much　more　rapid　retrocession　of　the　forehead。　　On　the
other　hand；　the　Borreby　skulls　are　all　somewhat　broader；　in　proportion
to　their　length；　than　the　Neanderthal　skull；　while　some　attain　that
proportion　of　breadth　to　length　（80：100）　which　constitutes
brachycephaly。

In　conclusion；　I　may　say；　that　the　fossil　remains　of　Man　hitherto
discovered　do　not　seem　to　me　to　take　us　appreciably　nearer　to　that
lower　pithecoid　form；　by　the　modification　of　which　he　has；　probably；
become　what　he　is。　　And　considering　what　is　now　known　of　the　most
ancient　races　of　men；　seeing　that　they　fashioned　flint　axes　and　flint
knives　and　bone…skewers；　of　much　the　same　pattern　as　those　fabricated
by　the　lowest　savages　at　the　present　day；　and　that　we　have　every　reason
to　believe　the　habits　and　modes　of　living　of　such　people　to　have
remained　the　same　from　the　time　of　the　Mammoth　and　the　tichorhine
Rhinoceros　till　now；　I　do　not　know　that　this　result　is　other　than　might
be　expected。

Where；　then；　must　we　look　for　primaeval　Man？　　Was　the　oldest　'Homo
sapiens'　pliocene　or　miocene；　or　yet　more　ancient？　　In　still　older
strata　do　the　fossilized　bones　of　an　Ape　more　anthropoid；　or　a　Man　more
pithecoid；　than　any　yet　known　await　the　researches　of　some　unborn
paleontologist？

Time　will　show。　　But；　in　the　meanwhile；　if　any　form　of　the　doctrine　of
progressive　development　is　correct；　we　must　extend　by　long　epochs　the
most　liberal　estimate　that　has　yet　been　made　of　the　antiquity　of　Man。







End