the city of the sun-第8部分

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prepared　patients；　and　by　means　of　herbs　producing　effects　op…
posite　to　the　humors　of　this　fever。　　All　these　secrets　they　told
me　in　opposition　to　their　own　wishes。　　They　take　more　diligent
pains　to　cure　the　lasting　fevers；　which　they　fear　more；　and　they
strive　to　counteract　these　by　the　observation　of　stars　and　of
plants；　and　by　prayers　to　God。　　Fevers　recurring　every　fifth；
sixth；　eighth　or　more　days；　you　never　find　whenever　heavy
humors　are　wanting。

　　　They　use　baths；　and　moreover　they　have　warm　ones　accord…
ing　to　the　Roman　custom；　and　they　make　use　also　of　olive　oil。
They　have　found　out；　too；　a　great　many　secret　cures　for　the
preservation　of　cleanliness　and　health。　　And　in　other　ways　they
labor　to　cure　the　epilepsy；　with　which　they　are　often　troubled。


G。M。　　A　sign　this　disease　is　of　wonderful　cleverness；　for
from　it　Hercules；　Scotus；　Socrates；　Callimachus；　and　Mahomet
have　suffered。


Capt。　　They　cure　by　means　of　prayers　to　heaven；　by
strengthening　the　head；　by　acids；　by　planned　gymnastics；　and
with　fat　cheese…bread　sprinkled　with　the　flour　of　wheaten　corn。
They　are　very　skilled　in　making　dishes；　and　in　them　they　put
spice；　honey；　butter；　and　many　highly　strengthening　spices；
and　they　temper　their　richness　with　acids；　so　that　they　never
vomit。　　They　do　not　drink　ice…cold　drinks　nor　artificial　hot
drinks；　as　the　Chinese　do；　for　they　are　not　without　aid　against
the　humors　of　the　body；　on　account　of　the　help　they　get　from
the　natural　heat　of　the　water；　but　they　strengthen　it　with
crushed　garlic；　with　vinegar；　with　wild　thyme；　with　mint；　and
with　basil；　in　the　summer　or　in　time　of　special　heaviness。　　They
know　also　a　secret　for　renovating　life　after　about　the　seventieth
year；　and　for　ridding　it　of　affliction；　and　this　they　do　by　a　pleas…
ing　and　indeed　wonderful　art。


G。M。　　Thus　far　you　have　said　nothing　concerning　their　sci…
ences　and　magistrates。


Capt。　　Undoubtedly　I　have　　But　since　you　are　so　curious
I　will　add　more。　　Both　when　it　is　new　moon　and　full　moon　they
call　a　council　after　a　sacrifice。　　To　this　all　from　twenty　years
upward　are　admitted；　and　each　one　is　asked　separately　to　say
what　is　wanting　in　the　State；　and　which　of　the　magistrates　have
discharged　their　duties　rightly　and　which　wrongly。　　Then
after　eight　days　all　the　magistrates　assemble；　to　wit；　Hoh　first；
and　with　him　Power；　Wisdom；　and　Love。　　Each　one　of　the
three　last　has　three　magistrates　under　him；　making　in　all　thir…
teen；　and　they　consider　the　affairs　of　the　arts　pertaining　to　each
one　of　them：　Power；　of　war；　Wisdom；　of　the　sciences；　Love；
of　food；　clothing；　education；　and　breeding。　　The　masters　of　all
the　bands；　who　are　captains　of　tens；　of　fifties；　of　hundreds；　also
assemble；　the　women　first　and　then　the　men。　　They　argue　about
those　things　which　are　for　the　welfare　of　the　State；　and　they
choose　the　magistrates　from　among　those　who　have　already
been　named　in　the　great　Council。　　In　this　manner　they　assemble
daily；　Hoh　and　his　three　princes；　and　they　correct；　confirm；　and
execute　the　matters　passing　to　them；　as　decisions　in　the　elec…
tions；　other　necessary　questions　they　provide　of　themselves。
They　do　not　use　lots　unless　when　they　are　altogether　doubtful
how　to　decide。　　The　eight　magistrates　under　Hoh；　Power；
Wisdom；　and　Love　are　changed　according　to　the　wish　of　the
people；　but　the　first　four　are　never　changed；　unless　they；　tak…
ing　counsel　with　themselves；　give　up　the　dignity　of　one　to　an…
other；　whom　among　them　they　know　to　be　wiser；　more　re…
nowned；　and　more　nearly　perfect。　　And　then　they　are　obedient
and　honorable；　since　they　yield　willingly　to　the　wiser　man　and
are　taught　by　him。　　This；　however；　rarely　happens。　　The　prin…
cipals　of　the　sciences；　except　Metaphysic；　who　is　Hoh　himself；
and　is；　as　it　were；　the　architect　of　all　science；　having　rule　over
all；　are　attached　to　Wisdom。　　Hoh　is　ashamed　to　be　ignorant
of　any　possible　thing。　　Under　Wisdom　therefore　are　Grammar；
Logic；　Physics；　Medicine；　Astrology；　Astronomy；　Geometry；
Cosmography；　Music；　Perspective；　Arithmetic；　Poetry；　Rhet…
oric；　Painting；　Sculpture。　　Under　the　triumvir　Love　are　Breed…
ing；　Agriculture；　Education；　Medicine；　Clothing；　Pasturage；
Coining。


G。M。　　What　about　their　judges？


Capt。　　This　is　the　point　I　was　just　thinking　of　explaining。
Everyone　is　judged　by　the　first　master　of　his　trade；　and　thus
all　the　head　artificers　are　judges。　　They　punish　with　exile；　with
flogging；　with　blame；　with　deprivation　of　the　common　table；
with　exclusion　from　the　church　and　from　the　company　of
women。　　When　there　is　a　case　in　which　great　injury　has　been
done；　it　is　punished　with　death；　and　they　repay　an　eye　with　an
eye；　a　nose　for　a　nose；　a　tooth　for　a　tooth；　and　so　on；　according
to　the　law　of　retaliation。　　If　the　offence　is　wilful　the　Council
decides。　　When　there　is　strife　and　it　takes　place　undesignedly；
the　sentence　is　mitigated；　nevertheless；　not　by　the　judge　but　by
the　triumvirate；　from　whom　even　it　may　be　referred　to　Hoh；　not
on　account　of　justice　but　of　mercy；　for　Hoh　is　able　to　pardon。
They　have　no　prisons；　except　one　tower　for　shutting　up　rebel…
lious　enemies；　and　there　is　no　written　statement　of　a　case；　which
we　commonly　call　a　lawsuit。　　But　the　accusation　and　witnesses
are　produced　in　the　presence　of　the　judge　and　Power；　the　ac…
cused　person　makes　his　defence；　and　he　is　immediately　acquit…
ted　or　condemned　by　the　judge；　and　if　he　appeals　to　the　trium…
virate；　on　the　following　day　he　is　acquitted　or　condemned。　　On
the　third　day　he　is　dismissed　through　the　mercy　and　clemency
of　Hoh；　or　receives　the　inviolable　rigor　of　his　sentence。　　An
accused　person　is　reconciled　to　his　accuser　and　to　his　witnesses；
as　it　were；　with　the　medicine　of　his　complaint；　that　is；　with　em…
bracing　and　kissing。

　　　No　one　is　killed　or　stoned　unless　by　the　hands　of　the　people；
the　accuser　and　the　witnesses　beginning　first。　　For　they　have
no　executioners　and　lictors；　lest　the　State　should　sink　into　ruin。
The　choice　of　death　is　given　to　the　rest　of　the　people；　who　en…
close　the　lifeless　remains　in　little　bags　and　burn　them　by　the
application　of　fire；　while　exhorters　are　present　for　the　purpose
of　advising　concerning　a　good　death。　　Nevertheless；　the　whole
nation　laments　and　beseeches　God　that　his　anger　may　be　ap…
peased；　being　in　grief　that　it　should；　as　it　were；　have　to　cut　off
a　rotten　member　of　the　State。　　Certain　officers　talk　to　and　con…
vince　the　accused　man　by　means　of　arguments　until　he　him…
self　acquiesces　in　the　sentence　of　death　passed　upon　him；　or　else
he　does　not　die。　　But　if　a　crime　has　been　committed　against
the　liberty　of　the　republic；　or　against　God；　or　against　the　su…
preme　magistrates；　there　is　immediate　censure　without　pity。
These　only　are　punished　with　death。　　He　who　is　about　to
die　is　compelled　to　state　in　the　presence　of　the　people　and　with
religious　scrupulousness　the　reasons　for　which　he　does　not　de…
serve　death；　and　also　the　sins　of　the　others　who　ought　to　die
instead　of　him；　and　further　the　mistakes　of　the　magistrates。
If；　moreover；　it　should　seem　right　to　the　person　thus　asserting；
he　must　say　why　the　accused　ones　are　deserving　of　less　punish…
ment　than　he。　　And　if　by　his　arguments　he　gains　the　victory　he
is　sent　into　exile；　and　appeases　the　State　by　means　of　prayers
and　sacrifices　and　good　life　ensuing。　　They　do　not　torture　those
named　by　the　accused　person；　but　they　warn　them。　　Sins　of
frailty　and　ignorance　are　punished　only　with　blaming；　and　with
compulsory　continuation　as　learners　under　the　law　and　disci…
pline　of　those　sciences　or　arts　against　which　they　have　sinned。
And　all　these　things　they　have　mutually　among　themselves；
since　they　seem　to　be　in　very　truth　members　of　the　same　body；
and　one　of　another。

　　　This　further　I　would　have　you　know；　that　if　a　transgressor；
without　waiting　to　be　accused；　goes　of　his　own　accord　before
a　magistrate；　accusing　himself　and　seeking　to　make　amends；
that　one　is　liberated　from　the　punishment　of　a　secret　crime；　and
since　he　has　not　been　accused　of　such　a　crime；　his　punishment
is　changed　into　another。　　They　take　special　care　that　no　one
should　invent　slander；　and　if　this　should　happen　they　meet　the
offence　with　the　punishment　of　retaliation。　　Since　they　always
walk　about　and　work　in　crowds；　five　witnesses　are　required　for
the　conviction　of　a　transgressor。　　If　the　case　is　otherwise；　after
having　threatened　him；　he　is　released　after　he　has　sworn　an　oath
as　the　warrant　of　good　conduct。　　Or　if　he　is　accused　a　second
or　third　time；　his　increased　punishment　rests　on　the　testimony
of　three　or　two　witnesses。　　They　have　but　few　laws；　and　these
short　and　plain；　and　written　upon　a　flat　table　and　hanging　to
the　doors　of　the　temple；　that　is　between　the　columns。　　And　on
single　columns　can　be　seen　the　essences　of　things　described　in
the　very　terse　style　of　Metaphysic　　viz。；　the　essences　of　God；　of
the　angels；　of　the　world；　of　the　stars；　of　man；　of　fate；　of　virtue；　all
done　with　great　wisdom。　　The　definitions　of　all　the　virtues　are
also　delineated　here；　and　here　is　the　tribunal；　where　the　judges
of　all　the　virtues　have　their　seat。　　The　definition　of　a　certain
virtue　is　written　under　that　column　where　the　judges　for　the
aforesaid　virtue　sit；　and　when　a　judge　gives　judgment　he　sits
and　speaks　thus：　　O　son；　thou　hast　sinned　against　this　sacred
definition　of　beneficence；　or　of　magnanimity；　or　of　another　vir…
tue；　as　the　case　may　be。　　And　after　discussion　the　judge　legally
condemns　him　to　the　punishment　for　the　crime　of　which　he　is
accused　　viz。；　for　injury；　for　despondency；　for　pride；　for　in…
gratitude；　for　sloth；　etc。　　But　the　sentences　are　certain　and　true
correctives；　savoring　more　of　clemency　than　of　actual　punish…
ment。


G。M。　　Now　you　ought　to　tell　me　about　their　priests；　their
sacrifices；　their　religion；　and　their　belief。


Capt。　　The　chief　priest　is　Hoh；　and　it　is　the　duty　of　all　the
superior　magistrates　to　pardon　sins。　　Therefore　the　whole
State　by　secret　confession；　which　we　also　use；　tell　their　sins　to
the　magistrates；　who　at　once　purge　their　souls　and　teach　those
that　are　inimical　to　the　people。　　Then　the　sacred　magistrates
themselves　confess　their　own　sinfulness　to　the　three　supreme
chiefs