philosophy of nature-第13部分

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determined　as　being　for　itself　as　active　consumption）。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　286。

This　animal　stimulation　is　turned　at　first　against　the　external　potency；　which；　however；　is　placed
immediately　on　the　side　of　the　organism　by　the　infection　（§　277）。　But　this　stimulus；　as　the　antithesis
and　the　being　for　itself　of　the　process；　has　at　the　same　time　the　determination　of　externality　over
against　the　generality　and　simple　self…relation　of　the　living　organism。　Both　aspects　together；　initially
appearing　on　the　side　of　the　subject　as　means；　actually　constitute　therefore　the　object　and　the
negative　side　in　conflict　with　the　organism；　which　has　to　overcome　and　to　digest。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　287。

This　inversion　of　attitude　is　the　reflection　of　the　organism　into　itself　the　negation　of　its　own
negativity　of　outwardly　directed　activity。　As　a　natural　being　it　combines　the　individuality　which　it
reaches　in　the　process　with　its　generality　as　disjunctive；　in　such　a　way　that　on　the　one　hand　it
separates　from　itself　the　first　negation；　the　externality　of　the　object　and　its　own　activity；　on　the
other　hand；　and　as　immediately　identical　with　this　negation；　with　this　means　reproduces　itself　Thus
the　outward　moving　process　is　transformed　and　transposed　into　the　first　formal　processes　of
reproduction　from　its　own　self。　

The　primary　moment　in　digestion　is　the　immediate　action　of　life　as　the　power　over　the　inorganic
object；　which　it　sets　against　itself　and　presupposes　as　its　stimulating　attraction　only　insofar　as　it　is
itself　identical　with　it。　This　action　is　infection　and　immediate　transformation。　It　has　been　empirically
demonstrated　and　shown　to　accord　with　the　concept；　by　the　experiments　of　Spallanzani　and
others　and　by　recent　physiology；　that　this　immediacy；　which　the　living　organism　has　as　a　generality；
continues　itself　into　its　food　without　any　further　mediation；　by　its　mere　contact　with　it　and　simply　by
taking　it　up　into　its　own　warmth　and　sphere。　This　is　a　refutation　of　both　the　theory　of　a　mechanical；
fictitious　sorting　out　and　separating　of　parts　already　homogeneous　and　useful；　and　the　theory　of
mediation　conceived　as　a　chemical　process。　But　the　investigations　of　the　mediating　actions　have
not　found　more　specific　moments　in　this　transformation　（as　appears；　for　example；　in　vegetable
substances　as　a　series　of　fermentations）。　On　the　contrary；　they　have　shown　for　example　that　a
great　deal　of　food　moves　straight　from　the　stomach　into　the　mass　of　gastric　juices；　without　passing
through　other　mediating　stages；　that　the　pancreatic　juice　is　further　nothing　more　than　saliva；　that　the
pancreas　could　quite　as　well　be　dispensed　with；　and　so　on。　

The　last　product；　the　chyle；　which　the　thoracic　duct　takes　up　and　which　is　discharged　into　the
blood；　is　the　same　lymph　which　is　secreted　by　each　intestine　and　organ；　effects　the　skin　and
lymphatic　system　in　the　immediate　process　of　transformation；　and　is　everywhere　found　already
prepared。　The　lower　organisms　of　animal　life；　which；　moreover；　are　nothing　more　than　lymph
coagulated　into　a　membranous　point　or　tube　—　a　simple　intestinal　canal　—　do　not　go　beyond　this
immediate　transformation。　The　mediated　digestive　process　in　the　higher　organisations　of　animal　life
is；　in　respect　of　its　characteristic　product；　just　such　a　superfluity　as；　in　the　plant；　the　generation　of
seeds　mediated　by　〃sexual　difference。〃　The　faeces　often　show；　especially　in　children；　in　whom
after　all　the　increase　of　material　is　most　apparent；　the　greatest　part　of　the　food　unchanged；　mixed
mainly　with　animal　substances；　bile；　phosphorus；　and　the　like；　and　the　primary　action　of　the
organism　to　be　to　overcome　and　to　eliminate　its　own　products。　

The　syllogism　of　the　organism　is　not；　therefore；　the　syllogism　of　external　purposiveness；　for　it　does
not　stop　at　directing　its　activity　and　form　against　the　outer　subject　but　makes　this　process；　which
because　of　its　externality　is　on　the　verge　of　becoming　mechanical　and　chemical；　into　an　object　itself
And　since　it　is　nature；　in　the　uniting　of　itself　with　itself　in　its　outward　process；　it　is　no　less　a
disjunctive　activity；　which　rids　itself　of　this　process；　abstracts　itself　away　from　its　anger　towards　the
object；　from　this　one…sided　subjectivity；　and　thereby　becomes　for　itself　what　it　is　in　itself：　the
identity　of　its　concept　and　its　reality。　Thus　the　end　and　the　product　of　its　activity　are　found　to　be
that　which　it　already　is　originally　and　at　the　beginning。　In　this　way　the　satisfaction　accords　with
reason：　the　process　outward　into　external　differentiation　is　converted　into　the　process　of　the
organism　with　itself　and　the　result　is　not　the　mere　production　of　a　means；　but　of　the　end。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　288。

Through　the　process　with　external　nature　the　animal　achieves　self…certainty　and　its　subjective
concept；　truth　and　objectivity　as　a　single　individual。　And　it　is　the　production　of　itself　just　as　much
as　its　self…preservation；　or　reproduction　as　production　of　its　first　concept。　Thus　the　concept　joins
together　with　itself　and　is；　as　concrete　generality；　genus。　The　disjunction　of　the　individual　finding
itself　in　the　genus　is　the　sexual　difference；　the　relation　of　the　subject　to　an　object　which　is　itself　such
a　subject。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　289。

This　relation　is　the　drive：　the　individual　as　such　is　not　adequate　to　its　genus；　nor　does　this　adequacy
fall　into　an　external　reflection。　The　individual　is　at　the　same　time；　in　this　limitation　of　the　genus；　the
identical　relation　of　the　genus　to　itself　in　one　unity。　The　individual　thus　has　the　feeling　of　this　lack
and　exists　in　the　natural　difference　of　the　sexes。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　290。

（3）　The　process　of　genus　formation　has；　as　in　the　inorganic　process　of　chemism；　taken　the　general
concept　as　the　essence　of　individuals　to　a　general　extreme。　The　tension　between　the　individual　and
the　inadequacy　of　its　single　actuality　drives　each　to　have　its　self…feeling　only　in　the　other　of　its
genus；　and　to　integrate　itself　through　union　with　the　other。　Through　this　mediation　the　concrete
generality　joins　together　with　itself　and　yields　individual　reality。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　291。

This　product　is　the　negative　identity　of　the　differentiated　individuals　and　is；　as　realised　genus；　an
asexual　life。　But　on　the　side　of　nature　the　product　is　only　implicitly　this　genus　and　distinct　from　the
individuals　which　have　perished　in　it。　It　is　thus　itself　an　individual　which　has　in　itself　the
determination　of　the　same　difference　and　transiency。　But　at　the　same　time；　in　this　new　life　in　which
individuality　is　suspended；　the　same　subjectivity　is　retained　positively　and　in　this；　its　return　into　itself
the　genus　as　such　has　emerged　for　itself　in　reality；　and　has　become　a　higher　being　than　nature。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　292。

Underlying　the　various　orders　and　structures　of　the　animals　lies　the　general　type　of　the　animal
determined　by　the　concept；　which　nature　manifests　partly　in　the　different　steps　of　its　development
from　the　simplest　organisation　to　the　most　complete；　in　which　it　is　the　instrument　of　the　spirit；　and
partly　in　the　different　circumstances　and　conditions　of　elementary　nature。　

The　concept　of　the　animal　has　the　concept　itself　as　its　essence；　because　it　is　the　actuality　of　the
idea　of　life。　The　nature　of　its　generality　enables　it　to　have　a　simpler　and　more　developed　existence
which　corresponds　more　or　less　to　it。　Thus　the　concept　in　its　determinacy　can　not　be　grasped　from
existence　itself。　The　classes；　in　which　it　emerges　developed　and　manifested　completely　in　its
moments；　appear　as　a　particular　existence　in　contrast　to　the　others；　and　can　also　have　a　bad
existence　in　them。　The　concept　is　already　presupposed　for　the　judgment　of　whether　the　existence
is　bad。　If；　as　usual；　existence　is　presupposed；　then　it　will　undoubtedly　be　used　in　an　empirical　way
to　reach　no　fixed　determination；　and　all　particular　attributes　will　also　seem　to　be　lacking。
Acephalous　animals；　for　example；　have　been　used　as　proof　that　people　can　live　without　brains。　

Zoology；　like　the　natural　sciences　generally；　has　concerned　itself　primarily　with　discovering　more
certain　and　simpler　signs　for　subjective　cognition。　Only　since　this　goal　of　an　〃artificial〃　system　for
classifying　animals　was　given　up　has　the　way　been　opened　for　a　broader　view；　and　among　the
empirical　sciences　there　is　hardly　one　which　in　recent　times　has　expanded　as　much　as　zoology；
particularly　through　its　auxiliary　science　of　comparative　anatomy。　This　expansion　has　not　occurred
solely　in　the　sense　of　more　observations；　for　none　of　the　sciences　lacks　these；　but　in　the　sense　of
arranging　its　material　to　accord　with　reason。　

Partly　it　is　the　habits　of　individual　animals；　viewed　as　a　coherent　whole　determining　the
construction　of　every　part；　which　have　become　the　main　point；　so　that　the　great　founder　of
comparative　anatomy；　Cuvier；　could　boast　that　he　could　recognise　the　essential　nature　of　the　entire
animal　from　a　single　bone。　Partly　it　is　that　the　general　type　of　the　animal　has　been　traced　in　the
various；　still　apparently　incomplete　and　disparate　forms；　and　its　importance　recognised　in　the
hardly　noticed　suggestion；　as　well　as　in　the　mixture　of　organs　and　functions；　and　in　this　way　has
been　raised　above　and　beyond　its　particularity　into　its　generality。　A　primary　feature　of　this　method
is　the　recognition　of　how　nature　shapes　and　adapts　this　organism　to　the　particular　element　in　which
it　is　placed；　an　environment　which　can　also　be　one　particular　species　of　plant　or　another　of　animal。
It　is　due　to　the　immediacy　of　the　idea　of　life　that　the　concept；　whether　or　not　it　is　only　determined
in　and　for　itself　does　not　exist　as　such　in　life。　Its　existence　is　therefore　subjected　to　the　manifold
conditions　and　circumstances　of　external　nature；　and　can　appear　in　the　most　inadequate　forms。
The　fecundity　of　the　earth　causes　life　to　break　out　in　every　way。　Even　perhaps　less　than　the　other
spheres　of　nature；　therefore；　can　the　animal　world　present　in　itself　an　independent；　rational　system
of　organisation；　or　retain　a　hold　on　forms　dete