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the essays of montaigne, v11-第11部分
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I apply myself to what I see and to what I have in my hand; and go not
very far from the shore;
〃Alter remus aquas; alter tibi radat arenas:〃
'〃One oar plunging into the sea; the other raking the sands。〃
Propertius; iii。 3; 23。'
and besides; a man rarely arrives at these advancements but in first
hazarding what he has of his own; and I am of opinion that if a man have
sufficient to maintain him in the condition wherein he was born and
brought up; 'tis a great folly to hazard that upon the uncertainty of
augmenting it。 He to whom fortune has denied whereon to set his foot;
and to settle a quiet and composed way of living; is to be excused if he
venture what he has; because; happen what will; necessity puts him upon
shifting for himself:
〃Capienda rebus in malis praeceps via est:〃
'〃A course is to be taken in bad cases。〃 (or);
〃A desperate case must have a desperate course。〃
…Seneca; Agamemnon; ii。 1; 47。'
and I rather excuse a younger brother for exposing what his friends have
left him to the courtesy of fortune; than him with whom the honour of his
family is entrusted; who cannot be necessitous but by his own fault。
I have found a much shorter and more easy way; by the advice of the good
friends I had in my younger days; to free myself from any such ambition;
and to sit still:
〃Cui sit conditio dulcis sine pulvere palmae:〃
' What condition can compare with that where one has gained the
palm without the dust of the course。〃Horace; Ep。; i。 I; 51。'
judging rightly enough of my own strength; that it was not capable of any
great matters; and calling to mind the saying of the late Chancellor
Olivier; that the French were like monkeys that swarm up a tree from
branch to branch; and never stop till they come to the highest; and there
shew their breech。
〃Turpe est; quod nequeas; capiti committere pondus;
Et pressum inflexo mox dare terga genu。〃
'〃It is a shame to load the head so that it cannot bear the
burthen; and the knees give way。〃Propertius; iii。 9; 5。'
I should find the best qualities I have useless in this age; the facility
of my manners would have been called weakness and negligence; my faith
and conscience; scrupulosity and superstition; my liberty and freedom
would have been reputed troublesome; inconsiderate; and rash。 Ill luck
is good for something。 It is good to be born in a very depraved age; for
so; in comparison of others; you shall be reputed virtuous good cheap; he
who in our days is but a parricide and a sacrilegious person is an honest
man and a man of honour:
〃Nunc; si depositum non inficiatur amicus;
Si reddat veterem cum tota aerugine follem;
Prodigiosa fides; et Tuscis digna libellis;
Quaeque coronata lustrari debeat agna:〃
'〃Now; if a friend does not deny his trust; but restores the old
purse with all its rust; 'tis a prodigious faith; worthy to be
enrolled in amongst the Tuscan annals; and a crowned lamb should be
sacrificed to such exemplary integrity。〃Juvenal; Sat。; xiii。 611。'
and never was time or place wherein princes might propose to themselves
more assured or greater rewards for virtue and justice。 The first who
shall make it his business to get himself into favour and esteem by those
ways; I am much deceived if he do not and by the best title outstrip his
competitors: force and violence can do something; but not always all。
We see merchants; country justices; and artisans go cheek by jowl with
the best gentry in valour and military knowledge: they perform honourable
actions; both in public engagements and private quarrels; they fight
duels; they defend towns in our present wars; a prince stifles his
special recommendation; renown; in this crowd; let him shine bright in
humanity; truth; loyalty; temperance; and especially injustice; marks
rare; unknown; and exiled; 'tis by no other means but by the sole
goodwill of the people that he can do his business; and no other
qualities can attract their goodwill like those; as being of the greatest
utility to them:
〃Nil est tam populare; quam bonitas。〃
'〃Nothing is so popular as an agreeable manner (goodness)。〃
Cicero; Pro Ligar。; c。 12。'
By this standard I had been great and rare; just as I find myself now
pigmy and vulgar by the standard of some past ages; wherein; if no other
better qualities concurred; it was ordinary and common to see a man
moderate in his revenges; gentle in resenting injuries; religious of his
word; neither double nor supple; nor accommodating his faith to the will
of others; or the turns of the times: I would rather see all affairs go
to wreck and ruin than falsify my faith to secure them。 For as to this
new virtue of feigning and dissimulation; which is now in so great
credit; I mortally hate it; and of all vices find none that evidences so
much baseness and meanness of spirit。 'Tis a cowardly and servile humour
to hide and disguise a man's self under a visor; and not to dare to show
himself what he is; 'tis by this our servants are trained up to
treachery; being brought up to speak what is not true; they make no
conscience of a lie。 A generous heart ought not to belie its own
thoughts; it will make itself seen within; all there is good; or at least
human。 Aristotle reputes it the office of magnanimity openly and
professedly to love and hate; to judge and speak with all freedom; and
not to value the approbation or dislike of others in comparison of truth。
Apollonius said it was for slaves to lie; and for freemen to speak truth:
'tis the chief and fundamental part of virtue; we must love it for
itself。 He who speaks truth because he is obliged so to do; and because
it serves him; and who is not afraid to lie when it signifies nothing to
anybody; is not sufficiently true。 My soul naturally abominates lying;
and hates the very thought of it。 I have an inward shame and a sharp
remorse; if sometimes a lie escapes me: as sometimes it does; being
surprised by occasions that allow me no premeditation。 A man must not
always tell all; for that were folly: but what a man says should be what
he thinks; otherwise 'tis knavery。 I do not know what advantage men
pretend to by eternally counterfeiting and dissembling; if not never to
be believed when they speak the truth; it may once or twice pass with
men; but to profess the concealing their thought; and to brag; as some of
our princes have done; that they would burn their shirts if they knew
their true intentions; which was a saying of the ancient Metellius of
Macedon; and that they who know not how to dissemble know not how to
rule; is to give warning to all who have anything to do with them; that
all they say is nothing but lying and deceit:
〃Quo quis versutior et callidior est; hoc invisior et
suspectior; detracto opinione probitatis:〃
'〃By how much any one is more subtle and cunning; by so much is he
hated and suspected; the opinion of his integrity being withdrawn。〃
Cicero; De Off。; ii。 9。'
it were a great simplicity in any one to lay any stress either on the
countenance or word of a man who has put on a resolution to be always
another thing without than he is within; as Tiberius did; and I cannot
conceive what part such persons can have in conversation with men; seeing
they produce nothing that is received as true: whoever is disloyal to
truth is the same to falsehood also。
Those of our time who have considered in the establishment of the duty of
a prince the good of his affairs only; and have preferred that to the
care of his faith and conscience; might have something to say to a prince
whose affairs fortune had put into such a posture that he might for ever
establish them by only once breaking his word: but it will not go so;
they often buy in the same market; they make more than one peace and
enter into more than one treaty in their lives。 Gain tempts to the first
breach of faith; and almost always presents itself; as in all other ill
acts; sacrileges; murders; rebellions; treasons; as being undertaken for
some kind of advantage; but this first gain has infinite mischievous
consequences; throwing this prince out of all correspondence and
negotiation; by this example of infidelity。 Soliman; of the Ottoman
race; a race not very solicitous of keeping their words or compacts;
when; in my infancy; he made his army land at Otranto; being informed
that Mercurino de' Gratinare and the inhabitants of Castro were detained
prisoners; after having surrendered the place; contrary to the articles
of their capitulation; sent orders to have them set at liberty; saying;
that having other great enterprises in hand in those parts; the
disloyalty; though it carried a show of present utility; would for the
future bring on him a disrepute and distrust of infinite prejudice。
Now; for my part; I had rather be troublesome and indiscreet than a
flatterer and a dissembler。 I confess that there may be some mixture of
pride and obstinacy in keeping myself so upright and open as I do;
without any consideration of others; and methinks I am a little too free;
where I ought least to be so; and that I grow hot by the opposition of
respect; and it may be also; that I suffer myself to follow the
propension of my own nature for want of art; using the same liberty;
speech; and countenance towards great persons; that I bring with me from
my own house: I am sensible how much it declines towards incivility and
indiscretion but; besides that I am so bred; I have not a wit supple
enough to evade a sudden question; and to escape by some evasion; nor to
feign a truth; nor memory enough to retain it so feigned; nor; truly;
assurance enough to maintain it; and so play the brave out of weakness。
And therefore it is that I abandon myself to candour; always to speak as
I think; both by complexion and design; leaving the event to fortune。
Aristippus was wont to say; that the principal benefit he had extracted
from philosophy was that he spoke freely and openly to all。
Memory is a facul
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