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among　themselves。　　Their　federalists　will　then　call　in　the　English

army；　the　republicans　ours；　and　it　will　only　be　a　transfer　of　the

scene　of　war　from　Canada　to　Massachusetts；　and　we　can　get　ten　men　to

go　to　Massachusetts　for　one　who　will　go　to　Canada。　　Every　one；　too；

must　know　that　we　can　at　any　moment　make　peace　with　England　at　the

expense　of　the　navigation　and　fisheries　of　Massachusetts。　　But　it

will　not　come　to　this。　　Their　own　people　will　put　down　these

factionists　as　soon　as　they　see　the　real　object　of　their　opposition；

and　of　this　Vermont；　New　Hampshire；　and　even　Connecticut　itself；

furnish　proofs。




　　　　　　　　You　intimate　a　possibility　of　your　return　to　France；　now　that

Bonaparte　is　put　down。　　I　do　not　wonder　at　it；　France；　freed　from

that　monster；　must　again　become　the　most　agreeable　country　on　earth。

It　would　be　the　second　choice　of　all　whose　ties　of　family　and　fortune

gives　a　preference　to　some　other　one；　and　the　first　of　all　not　under

those　ties。　　Yet　I　doubt　if　the　tranquillity　of　France　is　entirely

settled。　　If　her　Pretorian　bands　are　not　furnished　with　employment　on

her　external　enemies；　I　fear　they　will　recall　the　old；　or　set　up　some

new　cause。




　

　　　　　　　　God　bless　you　and　preserve　you　in　bodily　health。　　Tranquillity

of　mind　depends　much　on　ourselves；　and　greatly　on　due　reflection　〃how

much　pain　have　cost　us　the　evils　which　have　never　happened。〃

Affectionately　adieu。







　　　　　　　　WAR；　REVOLUTION；　AND　RESTORATION




　　　　　　　　_To　Lafayette_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　February　14；　1815_




　　　　　　　　MY　DEAR　FRIEND；　　Your　letter　of　August　the　14th　has　been

received　and　read　again；　and　again；　with　extraordinary　pleasure。　　It

is　the　first　glimpse　which　has　been　furnished　me　of　the　interior

workings　of　the　late　unexpected　but　fortunate　revolution　of　your

country。　　The　newspapers　told　us　only　that　the　great　beast　was

fallen；　but　what　part　in　this　the　patriots　acted；　and　what　the

egotists；　whether　the　former　slept　while　the　latter　were　awake　to

their　own　interests　only；　the　hireling　scribblers　of　the　English

press　said　little　and　knew　less。　　I　see　now　the　mortifying

alternative　under　which　the　patriot　there　is　placed；　of　being　either

silent；　or　disgraced　by　an　association　in　opposition　with　the　remains

of　Bonapartism。　　A　full　measure　of　liberty　is　not　now　perhaps　to　be

expected　by　your　nation；　nor　am　I　confident　they　are　prepared　to

preserve　it。　　More　than　a　generation　will　be　requisite；　under　the

administration　of　reasonable　laws　favoring　the　progress　of　knowledge

in　the　general　mass　of　the　people；　and　their　habituation　to　an

independent　security　of　person　and　property；　before　they　will　be

capable　of　estimating　the　value　of　freedom；　and　the　necessity　of　a

sacred　adherence　to　the　principles　on　which　it　rests　for

preservation。　　Instead　of　that　liberty　which　takes　root　and　growth　in

the　progress　of　reason；　if　recovered　by　mere　force　or　accident；　it

becomes；　with　an　unprepared　people；　a　tyranny　still；　of　the　many；　the

few；　or　the　one。　　Possibly　you　may　remember；　at　the　date　of　the　_jeu

de　paume_；　how　earnestly　I　urged　yourself　and　the　patriots　of　my

acquaintance；　to　enter　then　into　a　compact　with　the　king；　securing

freedom　of　religion；　freedom　of　the　press；　trial　by　jury；　_habeas

corpus_；　and　a　national　legislature；　all　of　which　it　was　known　he

would　then　yield；　to　go　home；　and　let　these　work　on　the　amelioration

of　the　condition　of　the　people；　until　they　should　have　rendered　them

capable　of　more；　when　occasions　would　not　fail　to　arise　for

communicating　to　them　more。　　This　was　as　much　as　I　then　thought　them

able　to　bear；　soberly　and　usefully　for　themselves。　　You　thought

otherwise；　and　that　the　dose　might　still　be　larger。　　And　I　found　you

were　right；　for　subsequent　events　proved　they　were　equal　to　the

constitution　of　1791。　　Unfortunately；　some　of　the　most　honest　and

enlightened　of　our　patriotic　friends；　（but　closet　politicians　merely；

unpractised　in　the　knowledge　of　man；）　thought　more　could　still　be

obtained　and　borne。　　They　did　not　weigh　the　hazards　of　a　transition

from　one　form　of　government　to　another；　the　value　of　what　they　had

already　rescued　from　those　hazards；　and　might　hold　in　security　if

they　pleased；　nor　the　imprudence　of　giving　up　the　certainty　of　such　a

degree　of　liberty；　under　a　limited　monarch；　for　the　uncertainty　of　a

little　more　under　the　form　of　a　republic。　　You　differed　from　them。

You　were　for　stopping　there；　and　for　securing　the　constitution　which

the　National　Assembly　had　obtained。　　Here；　too；　you　were　right；　and

from　this　fatal　error　of　the　republicans；　from　their　separation　from

yourself　and　the　constitutionalists；　in　their　councils；　flowed　all

the　subsequent　sufferings　and　crimes　of　the　French　nation。　　The

hazards　of　a　second　change　fell　upon　them　by　the　way。　　The　foreigner

gained　time　to　anarchise　by　gold　the　government　he　could　not

overthrow　by　arms；　to　crush　in　their　own　councils　the　genuine

republicans；　by　the　fraternal　embraces　of　exaggerated　and　hired

pretenders；　and　to　turn　the　machine　of　Jacobinism　from　the　change　to

the　destruction　of　order；　and；　in　the　end；　the　limited　monarchy　they

had　secured　was　exchanged　for　the　unprincipled　and　bloody　tyranny　of

Robespierre；　and　the　equally　unprincipled　and　maniac　tyranny　of

Bonaparte。　　You　are　now　rid　of　him；　and　I　sincerely　wish　you　may

continue　so。　　But　this　may　depend　on　the　wisdom　and　moderation　of　the

restored　dynasty。　　It　is　for　them　now　to　read　a　lesson　in　the　fatal

errors　of　the　republicans；　to　be　contented　with　a　certain　portion　of

power；　secured　by　formal　compact　with　the　nation；　rather　than；

grasping　at　more；　hazard　all　upon　uncertainty；　and　risk　meeting　the

fate　of　their　predecessor；　or　a　renewal　of　their　own　exile。　　We　are

just　informed；　too；　of　an　example　which　merits；　if　true；　their　most

profound　contemplation。　　The　gazettes　say　that　Ferdinand　of　Spain　is

dethroned；　and　his　father　re…established　on　the　basis　of　their　new

constitution。　　This　order　of　magistrates　must；　therefore；　see；　that

although　the　attempts　at　reformation　have　not　succeeded　in　their

whole　length；　and　some　secession　from　the　ultimate　point　has　taken

place；　yet　that　men　have　by　no　means　fallen　back　to　their　former

passiveness；　but　on　the　contrary；　that　a　sense　of　their　rights；　and　a

restlessness　to　obtain　them；　remain　deeply　impressed　on　every　mind；

and；　if　not　quieted　by　reasonable　relaxations　of　power；　will　break

out　like　a　volcano　on　the　first　occasion；　and　overwhelm　everything

again　in　its　way。　　I　always　thought　the　present　king　an　honest　and

moderate　man；　and　having　no　issue；　he　is　under　a　motive　the　less　for

yielding　to　personal　considerations。　　I　cannot；　therefore；　but　hope；

that　the　patriots　in　and　out　of　your　legislature；　acting　in　phalanx；

but　temperately　and　wisely；　pressing　unremittingly　the　principles

omitted　in　the　late　capitulation　of　the　king；　and　watching　the

occasions　which　the　course　of　events　will　create；　may　get　those

principles　engrafted　into　it；　and　sanctioned　by　the　solemnity　of　a

national　act。




　　　　　　　　With　us　the　affairs　of　war　have　taken　the　most　favorable　turn

which　was　to　be　expected。　　Our　thirty　years　of　peace　had　taken　off；

or　superannuated；　all　our　revolutionary　officers　of　experience　and

grade；　and　our　first　draught　in　the　lottery　of　un…tried　characters

had　been　most　unfortunate。　　The　delivery　of　the　fort　and　army　of

Detroit　by　the　traitor　Hull；　the　disgrace　at　Queenstown；　under　Van

Rensellaer；　the　massacre　at　Frenchtown　under　Winchester；　and

surrender　of　Boerstler　in　an　open　field　to　one…third　of　his　own

numbers；　were　the　inauspicious　beginnings　of　the　first　year　of　our

warfare。　　The　second　witnessed　but　the　single　miscarriage　occasioned

by　the　disagreement　of　Wilkinson　and　Hampton；　mentioned　in　my　letter

to　you　of　November　the　30th；　1813；　while　it　gave　us　the　capture　of

York　by　Dearborne　and　Pike；　the　capture　of　Fort　George　by　Dearborne

also；　the　capture　of　Proctor's　army　on　the　Thames　by　Harrison；　Shelby

and　Johnson；　and　that　of　the　whole　British　fleet　on　Lake　Erie　by

Perry。　　The　third　year　has　been　a　continued　series　of　victories；

to…wit：　of　Brown　and　Scott　at　Chippewa；　of　the　same　at　Niagara；　of

Gaines　over　Drummond　at　Fort　Erie；　that　of　Brown　over　Drummond　at　the

same　place；　the　capture　of　another　fleet　on　Lake　Champlain　by

M'Donough；　the　entire　defeat　of　their　army　under　Prevost；　on　the　same

day；　by　M'Comb；　and　recently　their　defeats　at　New　Orleans　by　Jackson；

Coffee　and　Carroll；　with　the　loss　of　four　thousand　men　out　of　nine

thousand　and　six　hundred；　with　their　two　Generals；　Packingham　and

Gibbs　killed；　and　a　third；　Keane；　wounded；　mortally；　as　is　said。




　　　　　　　　This　series　of　successes　has　been　tarnished　only　by　the

conflagration　at　Washington；　a　_coup　de　main_　differing　from　that　at

Richmond；　which　you　remember；　in　the　revolutionary　war；　in　the

circumstance　only；　that　we　had；　in　that　case；　but　forty…eight　hours'

notice　that　an　enemy　had　arrived　within　our　capes；　whereas；　at

Washington；　there　was　abundant　previous　notice。　　The　force　designated

by　the　President　was　double　of　what　was　necessary；　but　failed；　as　is

the　general　opinion；　through　the　insubordination　of　Armstrong；　who

would　never　believe　the　attack　intended　until　it　was　actually　made；

and　the　sluggishness　of　Winder　before　the　occasion；　and　his

indecision　during　it。　　Still；　in　the　end；　the　transaction　has　helped

rather　than　hurt　us；　by　arousing　the　general　indignation　of　our

country；　and　by　marking　to　the　world　of　Europe　the　Vandalism　and

brutal　character　of　the　English　government。　　It　has　merely　served　to

immortalize　their　infamy。　　And　add　further；　that　through　the　whole

period　of　the　war；　we　have　beaten　them　single…handed　at　sea；　and　so

thoroughly　established　our　superiority　over　them　with　equal　force；

that　they　retire　from　that　kind　of　contest；　and　never　suffer　their

frigates　to　cruize　singly。　　The　Endymion　would　n