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the polity of the athenians and the lacedaemonians-第6部分
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hts more easily and clamber down precipices with less danger。 In fact; with his feet so trained the young Spartan would leap and spring and run faster unshod than another shod in the ordinary way。
'8' Cf。 Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 16 (Clough; i。 106)。
Instead of making them effeminate with a variety of clothes; his rule was to habituate them to a single garment the whole year through; thinking that so they would be better prepared to withstand the variations of heat and cold。
Again; as regards food; according to his regulation the Eiren;'9' or head of the flock; must see that his messmates gathered to the club meal;'10' with such moderate food as to avoid that heaviness'11' which is engendered by repletion; and yet not to remain altogether unacquainted with the pains of penurious living。 His belief was that by such training in boyood they would be better able when occasion demanded to continue toiling on an empty stomach。 They would be all the fitter; if the word of command were given; to remain on the stretch for a long time without extra dieting。 The craving for luxuries'12' would be less; the readiness to take any victual set before them greater; and; in general; the regime would be found more healthy。'13' Under it he thought the lads would increase in stature and shape into finer men; since; as he maintained; a dietary which gave suppleness to the limbs must be more conducive to both ends than one which added thickness to the bodily parts by feeding。'14'
'9' For the Eiren; see Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 (Clough; i。 107)。
'10' Reading {sumboleuein} (for the vulg。 {sumbouleuein})。 The emendation is now commonly adopted。 For the word itself; see L。 Dindorf; n。 ad loc。; and Schneider。 {sumbolon} = {eranos} or club meal。 Perhaps we ought to read {ekhontas} instead of {ekhonta}。
'11' See Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 17 (Clough; i。 108)。
'12' Lit。 〃condiments;〃 such as 〃meat;〃 〃fish;〃 etc。 See 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 ii。 8。
'13' Or; 〃and in general they would live more healthily and increase in stature。〃
'14' See L。 Dindorf's emendation of this corrupt passage; n。 ad loc。 (based upon Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 17 and Ps。 Plut。 〃Moral。〃 237); {kai eis mekos d' an auxanesthai oeto kai eueidesterous} vel {kallious gignesthai; pros amphotera ton radina ta somata poiousan trophen mallon sullambanein egesamenos e ten diaplatunousan}。 Otherwise I would suggest to read {kai eis mekos an auxanesthai ten 'gar' radina 。 。 。 egesato k。t。l。}; which is closer to the vulgate; and gives nearly the same sense。
On the other hand; in order to guard against a too great pinch of starvation; though he did not actually allow the boys to help themselves without further trouble to what they needed more; he did give them permission to steal'15' this thing or that in the effort to alleviate their hunger。 It was not of course from any real difficulty how else to supply them with nutriment that he left it to them to provide themselves by this crafty method。 Nor can I conceieve that any one will so misinterpret the custom。 Clearly its explanation lies in the fact that he who would live the life of a robber must forgo sleep by night; and in the daytime he must employ shifts and lie in ambuscade; he must prepare and make ready his scouts; and so forth; if he is to succeed in capturing the quarry。'16'
'15' See 〃Anab。〃 IV。 vi。 14。
'16' For the institution named the {krupteia}; see Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 28 (Clough; i。 120); Plato; 〃Laws;〃 i。 633 B; for the {klopeia}; ib。 vii。 823 E; Isocr。 〃Panathen。〃 277 B。
It is obvious; I say; that the whole of this education tended; and was intended; to make the boys craftier and more inventive in getting in supplies; whilst at the same time it cultivated their warlike instincts。 An objector may retort: 〃But if he thought it so fine a feat to steal; why did he inflict all those blows on the unfortunate who was caught?〃 My answer is: for the self…same reason which induces people; in other matters which are taught; to punish the mal… performance of a service。 So they; the Lacedaemonians; visit penalties on the boy who is detected thieving as being but a sorry bungler in the art。 So to steal as many cheeses as possible 'off the shrine of Orthia'17'' was a feat to be encouraged; but; at the same moment; others were enjoined to scourge the thief; which would point a moral not obscurely; that by pain endured for a brief season a man may earn the joyous reward of lasting glory。'18' Herein; too; it is plainly shown that where speed is requisite the sluggard will win for himself much trouble and scant good。
'17' I。e。 〃Artemis of the Steep〃a title connecting the goddess with Mount Orthion or Orthosion。 See Pausan。 VIII。 xxiii。 1; and for the custom; see Themistius; 〃Or。〃 21; p。 250 A。 The words have perhaps got out of their right place。 See Schneider's Index; s。v。
'18' See Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 18; 〃Morals;〃 239 C; 〃Aristid。〃 17; Cic。 〃Tusc。〃 ii。 14。
Furthermore; and in order that the boys should not want a ruler; even in case the pastor'19' himself were absent; he gave to any citizen who chanced to be present authority to lay upon them injunctions for their good; and to chastise them for any trespass committed。 By so doing he created in the boys of Sparta a most rare modesty and reverence。 And indeed there is nothing which; whether as boys or men; they respect more highly than the ruler。 Lastly; and with the same intention; that the boys must never be reft of a ruler; even if by chance there were no grown man present; he laid down the rule that in such a case the most active of the Leaders or Prefects'20' was to become ruler for the nonce; each of his own division。 The conclusion being that under no circumstances whatever are the boys of Sparta destitute of one to rule them。
'19' Lit。 〃Paidonomos。〃
'20' Lit。 〃Eirens。〃
I ought; as it seems to me; not to omit some remark on the subject of boy attachments;'21' it being a topic in close connection with that of boyhood and the training of boys。
'21' See Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 17 (Clough; i。 109)。
We know that the rest of the Hellenes deal with this relationship in different ways; either after the manner of the Boeotians;'22' where man and boy are intimately united by a bond like that of wedlock; or after the manner of the Eleians; where the fruition of beauty is an act of grace; whilst there are others who would absolutely debar the lover from all conversation'23' and discourse with the beloved。
'22' See Xen。 〃Symp。〃 viii。 34; Plato; 〃Symp。〃 182 B (Jowett; II。 p。 33)。
'23' {dialegesthai} came to mean philosophic discussion and debate。 Is the author thinking of Socrates? See 〃Mem。〃 I。 ii。 35; IV。 v。 12。
Lycurgus adopted a system opposed to all of these alike。 Given that some one; himself being all that a man ought to be; should in admiration of a boy's soul'24' endeavour to discover in him a true friend without reproach; and to consort with himthis was a relationship which Lycurgus commended; and indeed regarded as the noblest type of bringing up。 But if; as was evident; it was not an attachment to the soul; but a yearning merely towards the body; he stamped this thing as foul and horrible; and with this result; to the credit of Lycurgus be it said; that in Lacedaemon the relationship of lover and beloved is like that of parent and child or brother and brother where carnal appetite is in abeyance。
'24' See Xen。 〃Symp。〃 viii。 35; Plut。 〃Lycurg。〃 18。
That this; however; which is the fact; should be scarcely credited in some quarters does not surprise me; seeing that in many states the laws'25' do not oppose the desires in question。
'25' I。e。 〃law and custom。〃
I have now described the two chief methods of education in vogue; that is to say; the Lacedaemonian as contrasted with that of the rest of Hellas; and I leave it to the judgment of him whom it may concern; which of the two has prodcued the finer type of men。 And by finer I mean the better disciplined; the more modest and reverential; and; in matters where self…restraint is a virtue; the more continent。
III
Coming to the critical period at which a boy ceases to be a boy and becomes a youth;'1' we find that it is just then that the rest of the world proceed to emancipate their children from the private tutor and the schoolmaster; and; without substituting any further ruler; are content to launch them into absolute independence。
'1' {eis to meirakiousthai}; 〃with reference to hobbledehoy…hood。〃 Cobet erases the phrase as post…Xenophontine。
Here; again; Lycurgus took an entirely opposite view of the matter。 This; if observation might be trusted; was the season when the tide of animal spirits flows fast; and the froth of insolence rises to the surface; when; too; the most violent appetites for divers pleasures; in serried ranks; invade'2' the mind。 This; then; was the right moment at which to impose tenfold labours upon the growing youth; and to devise for him a subtle system of absorbing occupation。 And by a crowning enactment; which said that 〃he who shrank from the duties imposed on him would forfeit henceforth all claim to the glorious honours of the state;〃 he caused; not only the public authorities; but those personally interested'3' in the several companies of youths to take serious pains so that no single individual of them should by an act of craven cowardice find himself utterly rejected and reprobate within the body politic。
'2' Lit。 〃range themselves。〃 For the idea; see 〃Mem。〃I。 ii。 23; Swinburne; 〃Songs before Sunrise〃: Prelude; 〃Past youth where shoreward shallows are。〃
'3' Or; 〃the friends and connections。〃
Furthermore; in his desire to implant in their youthful souls a root of modesty he imposed upon these bigger boys a special rule。 In the very streets they were to keep their two hands'4' within the folds of the cloak; they were to walk in silence and without turning their heads to gaze; now here; now there; but rather to keep their eyes fixed upon the ground before them。 And hereby it would seem to be proved conclusively that; even in the matter of quiet bearing and sobreity;'5' the masculine type may claim greater strength than that which we attribute to the nature of women。 At any rate; you might sooner expect a ston
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