the economist-第15部分

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ousehold　into　the　likeness　of　just　men　concerning　that　which　passes　through　their　hands。　And　now　observethe　laws　first　mentioned　act　as　penalties；　deterrent　to　transgressors　only；　whereas　the　royal　code　aims　higher：　by　it　not　only　is　the　malefactor　punished；　but　the　righteous　and　just　person　is　rewarded。＇8＇　The　result　is；　that　many　a　man；　beholding　how　the　just　grow　ever　wealthier　than　the　unjust；　albeit　harbouring　in　his　heart　some　covetous　desires；　is　constant　still　to　virtue。　To　abstain　from　unjust　dealing　is　engrained　in　him。＇9＇

＇3＇　Cobet；　〃Pros。　Xen。〃　cf。　Plut。　〃Solon；〃　xvii。　｛proton　men　oun　tous　　　　　Drakontos　nomous　aneile　k。t。l。｝　〃First；　then；　he　repealed　all　　　　　Draco's　laws；　except　those　concerning　homicide；　because　they　were　　　　　too　severe　and　the　punishments　too　great；　for　death　was　appointed　　　　　for　almost　all　offences；　insomuch　that　those　that　were　convicted　　　　　of　idleness　were　to　die；　and　those　that　stole　a　cabbage　or　an　　　　　apple　to　suffer　even　as　villains　that　comitted　sacrilege　or　　　　　murder〃　（Clough；　i。　184）。　See　Aul。　Gell。　〃N。　A。〃　xi。　13。

＇4＇　〃The　branch　of　justice　which　concerns　us；　viz。　righteous　dealing　　　　　between　man　and　man。〃

＇5＇　For　this　sense　of　｛tous　egkheirountas｝　cf。　Thuc。　iv。　121；　〃Hell。〃　　　　　IV。　v。　16。　Al。　｛dedesthai　tous　egkheirountas　kai　thanatousthai　en　　　　　tis　alo　poion｝　（Weiske）；　〃let　the　attempt　be　punished　with　　　　　imprisonment〃；　〃let　him　who　is　caught　in　the　act　be　put　to　death。〃

＇6＇　Cf。　Plat。　〃Laws；〃　754　E。

＇7＇　Or；　〃the　royal　laws；〃　i。e。　of　Persia。　Cf。　〃Anab。〃　I。　ix。　16；　　　　　〃Cyrop。〃　I。　ii。　2；　3。　Or　possibly　=　〃regal〃；　cf。　Plat。　〃Minos；〃　　　　　317　C；　｛to　men　orthon　nomos　esti　basilikos｝。

＇8＇　Lit。　〃benefited。〃

＇9＇　Lit。　〃Whereby；　beholding　the　just　becoming　wealthier　than　the　　　　　unjust；　many　albeit　covetous　at　heart　themselves　most　constantly　　　　　abide　by　abstinence　from　evil…doing。〃

Those　of　my　household　（he　proceeded）　whom；　in　spite　of　kindly　treatment；　I　perceive　to　be　persistently　bent　on　evil…doing；　in　the　end　I　treat　as　desperate　cases。　Incurable　self…seekers；＇10＇　plain　enough　to　see；　whose　aspiration　lifts　them　from　earth；　so　eager　are　they　to　be　reckoned　just　men；　not　by　reason　only　of　the　gain　derivable　from　justice；　but　through　passionate　desire　to　deserve　my　praise　these　in　the　end　I　treat　as　free…born　men。　I　make　them　wealthy；　and　not　with　riches　only；　but　in　honour；　as　befits　their　gentle　manliness。＇11＇　For　if；　Socrates；　there　be　one　point　in　which　the　man　who　thirsts　for　honour　differs　from　him　who　thirsts　for　gain；　it　is；　I　think；　in　willingness　to　toil；　face　danger；　and　abstain　from　shameful　gainsfor　the　sake　of　honour　only　and　fair　fame。＇12＇

＇10＇　Lit。　〃Those；　on　the　other　hand；　whom　I　discover　to　be　roused〃　（to　　　　　honestynot　solely　because　honesty　is　the　best　policy）。

＇11＇　Or；　〃men　of　fair　and　noble　type〃；　〃true　gentlemen。〃　This　passage　　　　　suggests　the　〃silver　lining　to　the　cloud〃　of　slavery。

＇12＇　Cf。　Hom。　〃Il。〃　ix。　413；　｛oleto　men　moi　nostos；　atar　kleos　　　　　aphthiton　estai｝；　〃but　my　fame　shall　be　imperishable。〃



XV

Soc。　But　now；　suppose；　Ischomachus；　you　have　created　in　the　soul　of　some　one　a　desire　for　your　welfare；　have　inspired　in　him　not　a　mere　passive　interest；　but　a　deep　concern　to　help　you　to　achieve　prosperity；　further；　you　have　obtained　for　him　a　knowledge　of　the　methods　needed　to　give　the　operations　of　the　field　some　measure　of　success；　you　have；　moreover；　made　him　capable　of　ruling；　and；　as　the　crowning　point　of　all　your　efforts；　this　same　trusty　person　shows　no　less　delight；　than　you　might　take　yourself；　in　laying　at　your　feet＇1＇　earth's　products；　each　in　due　season　richly　harvestedI　need　hardly　ask　concerning　such　an　one；　whether　aught　else　is　lacking　to　him。　It　is　clear　to　me＇2＇　an　overseer　of　this　sort　would　be　worth　his　weight　in　gold。　But　now；　Ischomachus；　I　would　have　you　not　omit　a　topic　somewhat　lightly　handled　by　us　in　the　previous　argument。＇3＇

＇1＇　｛apodeiknuon｝；　i。e。　in　presenting　the　inventory　of　products　for　　　　　the　year。　Cf。　〃Hell。〃　V。　iii。　17；　〃Revenues；〃　ii。　7。

＇2＇　｛ede｝；　at　this　stage　of　the　discussion。

＇3＇　Or；　〃that　part　of　the　discussion　which　we　ran　over　in　a　light　and　　　　　airy　fashion；〃　in　reference　to　xiii。　2。

What　topic；　pray；　was　that？　（he　asked）。

Soc。　You　said；　if　I　mistake　not；　that　it　was　most　important　to　learn　the　methods　of　conducting　the　several　processes　of　husbandry；　for；　you　added；　unless　a　man　knows　what　things　he　has　to　do　and　how　to　do　them；　all　the　care　and　diligence　in　the　world　will　stand　him　in　no　stead。

At　this　point＇4＇　he　took　me　up；　observing：　So　what　you　now　command　me　is　to　teach　the　art　itself　of　tillage；　Socrates？

＇4＇　Keeping　the　vulg。　order　of　SS。　3…9；　which　many　commentators　would　　　　　rearrange　in　various　ways。　See　Breit。　ad　loc。；　Lincke；　op。　cit。　p。　　　　　111　foll。

Yes　（I　replied）；　for　now　it　looks　as　if　this　art　were　one　which　made　the　wise　and　skilled　possessor　of　it　wealthy；　whilst　the　unskilled；　in　spite　of　all　the　pains　he　takes；　must　live　in　indigence。

Isch。　Now　shall　you　hear；　then；＇5＇　Socrates；　the　generous　nature　of　this　human　art。　For　is　it　not　a　proof　of　something　noble　in　it；　that　being　of　supreme　utility；　so　sweet　a　craft　to　exercise；　so　rich　in　beauty；　so　acceptable　alike　to　gods　and　men；　the　art　of　husbandry　may　further　fairly　claim　to　be　the　easiest　of　all　the　arts　to　learn？　Noble　I　name　it！　this；　at　any　rate；　the　epithet　we　give　to　animals　which；　being　beautiful　and　large　and　useful；　are　also　gentle　towards　the　race　of　man。＇6＇

＇5＇　Or；　〃Listen；　then；　and　whilst　I　recount　to　you　at　once　the　loving…　　　　　kindness　of　this　art；　to　man　the　friendliest。〃

＇6＇　Schenkl　regards　this　sentence　as　an　interpolation。　For　the　epithet　　　　　｛gennaios｝　applied　to　the　dog　see　〃Cyrop。〃　I。　iv。　15；　21；　　　　　〃Hunting；〃　iv。　7。

Allow　me　to　explain；　Ischomachus　（I　interposed）。　Up　to　a　certain　point　I　fully　followed　what　you　said。　I　understand；　according　to　your　theory；　how　a　bailiff　must　be　taught。　In　other　words；　I　follow　your　descriptions　both　as　to　how　you　make　him　kindly　disposed　towards　yourself；　and　how；　again；　you　make　him　careful；　capable　of　rule；　and　upright。　But　at　that　point　you　made　the　statement　that；　in　order　to　apply　this　diligence　to　tillage　rightly；　the　careful　husbandman　must　further　learn　what　are　the　different　things　he　has　to　do；　and　not　alone　what　things　he　has　to　do；　but　how　and　when　to　do　them。　These　are　the　topics　which；　in　my　opinion；　have　hitherto　been　somewhat　lightly　handled　in　the　argument。　Let　me　make　my　meaning　clearer　by　an　instance：　it　is　as　if　you　were　to　tell　me　that；　in　order　to　be　able　to　take　down　a　speech　in　writing；＇7＇　or　to　read　a　written　statement；　a　man　must　know　his　letters。　Of　course；　if　not　stone　deaf；　I　must　have　garnered　that　for　a　certain　object　knowledge　of　letters　was　important　to　me；　but　the　bare　recognition　of　the　fact；　I　fear；　would　not　enable　me　in　any　deeper　sense　to　know　my　letters。　So；　too；　at　present　I　am　easily　persuaded　that　if　I　am　to　direct　my　care　aright　in　tillage　I　must　have　a　knowledge　of　the　art　of　tillage。　But　the　bare　recognition　of　the　fact　does　not　one　whit　provide　me　with　the　knowledge　how　I　ought　to　till。　And　if　I　resolved　without　ado　to　set　about　the　work　of　tilling；　I　imagine；　I　should　soon　resemble　your　physician　going　on　his　rounds　and　visiting　his　patients　without　knowing　what　to　prescribe　or　what　to　do　to　ease　their　sufferings。　To　save　me　from　the　like　predicaments；　please　teach　me　the　actual　work　and　processes　of　tillage。

＇7＇　Or；　〃something　from　dictation。〃

Isch。　But　truly；＇8＇　Socrates；　it　is　not　with　tillage　as　with　the　other　arts；　where　the　learner　must　be　well…nigh　crushed＇9＇　beneath　a　load　of　study　before　his　prentice…hand　can　turn　out　work　of　worth　sufficient　merely　to　support　him。＇10＇　The　art　of　husbandry；　I　say；　is　not　so　ill　to　learn　and　cross…grained；　but　by　watching　labourers　in　the　field；　by　listening　to　what　they　say；　you　will　have　straightway　knowledge　enough　to　teach　another；　should　the　humour　take　you。　I　imagine；　Socrates　（he　added）；　that　you　yourself；　albeit　quite　unconscious　of　the　fact；　already　know　a　vast　amount　about　the　subject。　The　fact　is；　other　craftsmen　（the　race；　I　mean；　in　general　of　artists）　are　each　and　all　disposed　to　keep　the　most　important＇11＇　features　of　their　several　arts　concealed：　with　husbandry　it　is　different。　Here　the　man　who　has　the　most　skill　in　planting　will　take　most　pleasure　in　being　watched　by　others；　and　so　too　the　most　skilful　sower。　Ask　any　question　you　may　choose　about　results　thus　beautifully　wrought；　and　not　one　feature　in　the　whole　performance　will　the　doer　of　it　seek　to　keep　concealed。　To　such　height　of　nobleness　（he　added）；　Socrats；　does　husbandry　appear；　like　some　fair　mistress；　to　conform　the　soul　and　disposition　of　those　concerned　with　it。

＇8＇　〃Nay；　if　you　will　but　listen；　Socrates；　with　husbandry　it　is　not　　　　　the　same　as　with　the　other　arts。〃

＇9＇　｛katatribenai｝；　〃worn　out。〃　See　〃Mem。〃　III。　iv。　1；　IV。　vii。　5。　Al。　　　　　〃bored　to　death。〃

＇10＇　Or；　〃before　the　products　of　his　pupilage　are　worth　his　keep。〃

＇11＇　Or；　〃critical　and　crucial。〃

The　proem＇12＇　to　the　speech　is　beautiful　at　any　rate　（I　answered）；　but　hardly　calculated　to　divert　the　hearer　from　the　previous　question。　A　thing　so　easy　to　be　learnt；　you　say？　then；　if　so；　do　you　be　all　the　readier　for　that　reason　to　explain　its　details　to　me。　No　shame　on　you　who　teach；　to　teach　these　easy　matters；　but　for　me　to　lack　the　knowledge　of　them；　and　most　of　all　if　highly　useful　to　the　learner；　worse　than　shame；　a　scandal。

＇12＇　Or；　〃the　prelude　to　the　piece。〃



XVI

Isch。　First　then；　Socrates；　I　wish　to　demonstrate　to　you　that　what　is　called＇1＇　〃the　intricate　variety　in　husbandry〃＇2＇　presents　no　difficulty。　I　use　a　phrase　of　those　who；　whatever　the　nicety　with　which　they　treat　the　art　in　theory；＇3＇　have　but　the　faintest　practical　experience　of　tillage。　What　they　assert　is；　that　〃he　who　would　rightly　till　the　soil　must　first　be　made　acquainted　with　the　nature　of　the　earth。〃

＇1＇　〃They　term〃；　in　reference　to　the　author　of　some　treatise。

＇2＇　Or；　〃the　riddling　subtlety　of　tillage。〃　See　〃Mem。〃　II。　iii。　10；　　　　　Plat。　〃Symp。〃　182　B；　〃Phileb。〃　53　E。

＇3＇　Theophr。　〃De　Caus。〃　ii。　4；　12；　mentions　Leophanes　amongst　other　　　　　writers　on　agriculture　preceding　him