the economist-第2部分

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；　it　may　be；　civil　accomplishments；　which；　however；　they　refuse　to　exercise；　for　the　very　reason；　as　I　take　it；　that　they　have　no　masters　over　them。

＇18＇　〃Eupatrids。〃

Soc。　No　masters　over　them！　but　how　can　that　be　if；　in　spite　of　their　prayers　for　prosperity　and　their　desire　to　do　what　will　bring　them　good；　they　are　still　so　sorely　hindered　in　the　exercise　of　their　wills　by　those　that　lord　it　over　them？

Crit。　And　who；　pray；　are　these　lords　that　rule　them　and　yet　remain　unseen？

Soc。　Nay；　not　unseen；　on　the　contrary；　they　are　very　visible。　And　what　is　more；　they　are　the　basest　of　the　base；　as　you　can　hardly　fail　to　note；　if　at　least　you　believe　idleness　and　effeminacy　and　reckless　negligence　to　be　baseness。　Then；　too；　there　are　other　treacherous　beldames　giving　themselves　out　to　be　innocent　pleasures；　to　wit；　dicings　and　profitless　associations　among　men。＇19＇　These　in　the　fulness　of　time　appear　in　all　their　nakedness　even　to　them　that　are　deceived；　showing　themselves　that　they　are　after　all　but　pains　tricked　out　and　decked　with　pleasures。　These　are　they　who　have　the　dominion　over　those　you　speak　of　and　quite　hinder　them　from　every　good　and　useful　work。


＇19＇　Or；　〃frivolous　society。〃

Crit。　But　there　are　others；　Socrates；　who　are　not　hindered　by　these　indolenceson　the　contrary；　they　have　the　most　ardent　disposition　to　exert　themselves；　and　by　every　means　to　increase　their　revenues；　but　in　spite　of　all；　they　wear　out　their　substance　and　are　involved　in　endless　difficulties。＇20＇

＇20＇　Or；　〃become　involved　for　want　of　means。〃

Soc。　Yes；　for　they　too　are　slaves；　and　harsh　enough　are　their　taskmasters；　slaves　are　they　to　luxury　and　lechery；　intemperance　and　the　wine…cup　along　with　many　a　fond　and　ruinous　ambition。　These　passions　so　cruelly　belord　it　over　the　poor　soul　whom　they　have　got　under　their　thrall；　that　so　long　as　he　is　in　the　heyday　of　health　and　strong　to　labour；　they　compel　him　to　fetch　and　carry　and　lay　at　their　feet　the　fruit　of　his　toils；　and　to　spend　it　on　their　own　heart's　lusts；　but　as　soon　as　he　is　seen　to　be　incapable　of　further　labour　through　old　age；　they　leave　him　to　his　gray　hairs　and　misery；　and　turn　to　seize　on　other　victims。＇21＇　Ah！　Critobulus；　against　these　must　we　wage　ceaseless　war；　for　very　freedom's　sake；　no　less　than　if　they　were　armed　warriors　endeavouring　to　make　us　their　slaves。　Nay；　foemen　in　war；　it　must　be　granted；　especially　when　of　fair　and　noble　type；　have　many　times　ere　now　proved　benefactors　to　those　they　have　enslaved。　By　dint　of　chastening；　they　have　forced　the　vanquished　to　become　better　men　and　to　lead　more　tranquil　lives　in　future。＇22＇　But　these　despotic　queens　never　cease　to　plague　and　torment　their　victims　in　body　and　soul　and　substance　until　their　sway　is　ended。

＇21＇　〃To　use　others　as　their　slaves。〃

＇22＇　Lit。　〃Enemies　for　the　matter　of　that；　when；　being　beautiful　and　　　　　good；　they　chance　to　have　enslaved　some　other；　have　ere　now　in　　　　　many　an　instance　chastened　and　compelled　the　vanquished　to　be　　　　　better　and　to　live　more　easily　for　the　rest　of　time。〃



II

The　conersation　was　resumed　by　Critobulus；　and　on　this　wise。　He　said：　I　think　I　take　your　meaning　fully；　Socrates；　about　these　matters；　and　for　myself；　examining　my　heart；　I　am　further　satisfied；　I　have　sufficient　continence　and　self…command　in　those　respects。　So　that　if　you　will　only　advise　me　on　what　I　am　to　do　to　improve　my　estate；　I　flatter　myself　I　shall　not　be　hindered　by　those　despotic　dames；　as　you　call　them。　Come；　do　not　hesitate；　only　tender　me　what　good　advice　you　can；　and　trust　me　I　will　follow　it。　But　perhaps；　Socrates；　you　have　already　passed　sentence　on　uswe　are　rich　enough　already；　and　not　in　need　of　any　further　wealth？

Soc。　It　is　to　myself　rather；　if　I　may　be　included　in　your　plural　〃we；〃　that　I　should　apply　the　remark。　I　am　not　in　need　of　any　further　wealth；　if　you　like。　I　am　rich　enough　already；　to　be　sure。　But　you；　Critobulus；　I　look　upon　as　singularly　poor；　and　at　times；　upon　my　soul；　I　feel　a　downright　compassion　for　you。

At　this　view　of　the　case；　Critobulus　fell　to　laughing　outright；　retorting：　And　pray；　Socrates；　what　in　the　name　of　fortune　do　you　suppose　our　respective　properties　would　fetch　in　the　market；　yours　and　mine？

If　I　could　find　a　good　purchaser　（he　answered）；　I　suppose　the　whole　of　my　effects；　including　the　house　in　which　I　live；　might　very　fairly　realise　five　minae＇1＇　（say　twenty　guineas）。　Yours；　I　am　positively　certain；　would　fetch　at　the　lowest　more　than　a　hundred　times　that　sum。

＇1＇　5　x　L4：1：3。　See　Boeckh；　〃P。　E。　A。〃　＇Bk。　i。　ch。　xx。＇；　p。　109　f。　　　　　（Eng。　ed。）

Crit。　And　with　this　estimate　of　our　respective　fortunes；　can　you　still　maintain　that　you　have　no　need　of　further　wealth；　but　it　is　I　who　am　to　be　pitied　for　my　poverty？

Soc。　Yes；　for　my　property　is　amply　sufficient　to　meet　my　wants；　whereas　you；　considering　the　parade　you　are　fenced　about　with；　and　the　reputation　you　must　needs　live　up　to；　would　be　barely　well　off；　I　take　it；　if　what　you　have　already　were　multiplied　by　three。

Pray；　how　may　that　be？　Critobulus　asked。

Why；　first　and　foremost　（Socrates　explained）；　I　see　you　are　called　upon　to　offer　many　costly　sacrifices；　failing　which；　I　take　it；　neither　gods　nor　men　would　tolerate　you；　and；　in　the　next　place；　you　are　bound　to　welcome　numerous　foreigners　as　guests；　and　to　entertain　them　handsomely；　thirdly；　you　must　feast　your　fellow…citizens　and　ply　them　with　all　sorts　of　kindness；　or　else　be　cut　adrift　from　your　supporters。＇2＇　Furthermore；　I　perceive　that　even　at　present　the　state　enjoins　upon　you　various　large　contributions；　such　as　the　rearing　of　studs；＇3＇　the　training　of　choruses；　the　superintendence　of　gymnastic　schools；　or　consular　duties；＇4＇　as　patron　of　resident　aliens；　and　so　forth；　while　in　the　event　of　war　you　will；　I　am　aware；　have　further　obligations　laid　upon　you　in　the　shape　of　pay＇5＇　to　carry　on　the　triearchy；　ship　money；　and　war　taxes＇6＇　so　onerous；　you　will　find　difficulty　in　supporting　them。　Remissness　in　respect　of　any　of　these　charges　will　be　visited　upon　you　by　the　good　citizens　of　Athens　no　less　strictly　than　if　they　caught　you　stealing　their　own　property。　But　worse　than　all；　I　see　you　fondling　the　notion　that　you　are　rich。　Without　a　thought　or　care　how　to　increase　your　revenue；　your　fancy　lightly　turns　to　thoughts　of　love；＇7＇　as　if　you　had　some　special　license　to　amuse　yourselef。　。　。　。　That　is　why　I　pity　and　compassionate　you；　fearing　lest　some　irremediable　mischief　overtake　you；　and　you　find　yourself　in　desperate　straits。　As　for　me；　if　I　ever　stood　in　need　of　anything；　I　am　sure　you　know　I　have　friends　who　would　assist　me。　They　would　make　some　trifling　contributiontrifling　to　themselves；　I　meanand　deluge　my　humble　living　with　a　flood　of　plenty。　But　your　friends；　albeit　far　better　off　than　yourself；　considering　your　respective　styles　of　living；　persist　in　looking　to　you　for　assistance。

＇2＇　See　Dr。　Holden　ad　loc。；　Boeckh　＇Bk。　iii。　ch。　xxiii。＇；　p。　465　f。

＇3＇　Cf。　Lycurg。　〃c。　Leocr。〃　139。

＇4＇　Al。　〃presidential　duties。〃

＇5＇　｛trierarkhias　＇misthous＇｝。　The　commentators　in　general　〃suspect〃　　　　　｛misthous｝。　See　Boeckh；　〃P。　E。　A。〃　p。　579。

＇6＇　See　Boeckh；　p。　470　f。；　〃Revenues；〃　iii。　9；　iv。　40。

＇7＇　Or；　〃to　childish　matters；〃　〃frivolous　affairs〃；　but　for　the　full　　　　　import　of　the　phrase　｛paidikois　pragmasi｝　see　〃Ages。〃　viii。　2。

Then　Critobulus：　I　cannot　gainsay　what　you　have　spoken；　Socrates；　it　is　indeed　high　time　that　you　were　constituted　my　patronus；　or　I　shall　become　in　very　truth　a　pitiable　object。

To　which　appeal　Socrates　made　answer：　Why；　you　yourself　must　surely　be　astonished　at　the　part　you　are　now　playing。　Just　now；　when　I　said　that　I　was　rich；　you　laughed　at　me　as　if　I　had　no　idea　what　riches　were；　and　you　were　not　happy　till　you　had　cross…examined　me　and　forced　me　to　confess　that　I　do　not　possess　the　hundredth　part　of　what　you　have；　and　now　you　are　imploring　me　to　be　your　patron；　and　to　stint　no　pains　to　save　you　from　becoming　absolutely　and　in　very　truth　a　pauper。＇8＇

＇8＇　Or；　〃literally　beggared。〃

Crit。　Yes；　Socrates；　for　I　see　that　you　are　skilled　in　one　lucrative　operation　at　all　eventsthe　art　of　creating　a　surplus。　I　hope；　therefore；　that　a　man　who　can　make　so　much　out　of　so　little　will　not　have　the　slightest　difficulty　in　creating　an　ample　surplus　out　of　an　abundance。

Soc。　But　do　not　you　recollect　how　just　now　in　the　discussion　you　would　hardly　let　me　utter　a　syllable＇9＇　while　you　laid　down　the　law：　if　a　man　did　not　know　how　to　handle　horses；　horses　were　not　wealth　to　him　at　any　rate；　nor　land；　nor　sheep；　nor　money；　nor　anything　else；　if　he　did　not　know　how　to　use　them？　And　yet　these　are　the　very　sources　of　revenue　from　which　incomes　are　derived；　and　how　do　you　expect　me　to　know　the　use　of　any　of　them　who　never　possessed　a　single　one　of　them　since　I　was　born？

＇9＇　Cf。　Aristoph。　〃Clouds；〃　945；　〃Plut。〃　17；　Dem。　353；　and　Holden　ad　　　　　loc。

Crit。　Yes；　but　we　agreed　that；　however　little　a　man　may　be　blest　with　wealth　himself；　a　science　of　economy　exists；　and　that　being　so；　what　hinders　you　from　being　its　professor？

Soc。　Nothing；　to　be　sure；＇10＇　except　what　would　hinder　a　man　from　knowing　how　to　play　the　flute；　supposing　he　had　never　had　a　flute　of　his　own　and　no　one　had　supplied　the　defect　by　lending　him　one　to　practise　on：　which　is　just　my　case　with　regard　to　economy；＇11＇　seeing　I　never　myself　possessed　the　instrument　of　the　science　which　is　wealth；　so　as　to　go　through　the　pupil　stage；　nor　hitherto　has　any　one　proposed　to　hand　me　over　his　to　manage。　You；　in　fact；　are　the　first　person　to　make　so　generous　an　offer。　You　will　bear　in　mind；　I　hope；　that　a　learner　of　the　harp　is　apt　to　break　and　spoil　the　instrument；　it　is　therefore　probable；　if　I　take　in　hand　to　learn　the　art　of　economy　on　your　estate；　I　shall　ruin　it　outright。

＇10＇　Lit。　〃The　very　thing；　God　help　me！　which　would　hinder　。　。　。〃

＇11＇　Lit。　〃the　art　of　administering　an　estate。〃

Critobulus　retorted：　I　see；　Socrates；　you　are　doing　your　very　best　to　escape　an　irksome　task：　you　would　rather　not；　if　you　can　help　it；　stretch　out　so　much　as　your　little　finger　to　help　me　to　bear　my　necessary　burthens　more　easily。

Soc。　No；　upon　my　word；　I　am　not　trying　to　escape：　on　the　contrary；　I　shall　be　ready；　as　far　as　I　can；　to　exp