the economist-第4部分

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Crit。　But　let　me　ask　you　a　question；　Socrates：　have　those　happy　husbands；　you　tell　us　of；　who　are　blessed　with　good　wives　educated　them　themselves？

Soc。　There　is　nothing　like　investigation。　I　will　introduce　you　to　Aspasia；＇15＇　who　will　explain　these　matters　to　you　in　a　far　more　scientific　way　than　I　can。　My　belief　is　that　a　good　wife；　being　as　she　is　the　partner　in　a　common　estate；　must　needs　be　her　husband's　counterpoise　and　counterpart　for　good；　since；　if　it　is　through　the　transactions　of　the　husband；　as　a　rule；　that　goods　of　all　sorts　find　their　way　into　the　house；　yet　it　is　by　means　of　the　wife's　economy　and　thrift　that　the　greater　part　of　the　expenditure　is　checked；　and　on　the　successful　issue　or　the　mishandling　of　the　same　depends　the　increase　or　impoverishment　of　a　whole　estate。　And　so　with　regard　to　the　remaining　arts　and　sciences；　I　think　I　can　point　out　to　you　the　ablest　performers　in　each　case；　if　you　feel　you　have　any　further　need　of　help。＇16＇

＇15＇　Aspasia。　See　〃Mem。〃　II。　vi。　36。

＇16＇　Al。　〃there　are　successful　performers　in　each　who　will　be　happy　to　　　　　illustrate　any　point　in　which　you　think　you　need；〃　etc。



IV

But　why　need　you　illustrate　all　the　sciences；　Socrates？　（Critobulus　asked）：　it　would　not　be　very　easy　to　discover　efficient　craftsmen　of　all　the　arts；　and　quite　impossible　to　become　skilled　in　all　one's　self。　So；　please；　confine　yourself　to　the　nobler　branches　of　knowledge　as　men　regard　them；　such　as　it　will　best　befit　me　to　pursue　with　devotion；　be　so　good　as　to　point　me　out　these　and　their　performers；　and；　above　all；　contribute　as　far　as　in　you　lies　the　aid　of　your　own　personal　instruction。

Soc。　A　good　suggestion；　Critobulus；　for　the　base　mechanic　arts；　so　called；　have　got　a　bad　name；　and　what　is　more；　are　held　in　ill　repute　by　civilised　communities；　and　not　unreasonably；　seeing　they　are　the　ruin　of　the　bodies　of　all　concerned　in　them；　workers　and　overseers　alike；　who　are　forced　to　remain　in　sitting　postures　and　to　hug　the　loom；　or　else　to　crouch　whole　days　confronting　a　furnace。　Hand　in　hand　with　physical　enervation　follows　apace　enfeeblement　of　soul：　while　the　demand　which　these　base　mechanic　arts　makes　on　the　time　of　those　employed　in　them　leaves　them　no　leisure　to　devote　to　the　claims　of　friendship　and　the　state。　How　can　such　folk　be　other　than　sorry　friends　and　ill　defenders　of　the　fatherland？　So　much　so　that　in　some　states；　especially　those　reputed　to　be　warlike；　no　citizen＇1＇　is　allowed　to　exercise　any　mechanical　craft　at　all。

＇1＇　〃In　the　strict　sense；〃　e。g。　the　Spartiates　in　Sparta。　See　〃Pol。　　　　　Lac。〃　vii。；　Newman；　op。　cit。　i。　99；　103　foll。

Crit。　Then　which　are　the　arts　you　would　counsel　us　to　engage　in？

Soc。　Well；　we　shall　not　be　ashamed；　I　hope；　to　imitate　the　kings　of　Persia？＇2＇　That　monarch；　it　is　said；　regards　amongst　the　noblest　and　most　necessary　pursuits　two　in　particular；　which　are　the　arts　of　husbandry　and　war；　and　in　these　two　he　takes　the　strongest　interest。

＇2＇　〃It　won't　make　us　blush　actually　to　take　a　leaf　out　of　the　great　　　　　king's　book。〃　As　to　the　Greek　text　at　this　point　see　the　　　　　commentators；　and　also　a　note　by　Mr。　H。　Richers　in　the　〃Classical　　　　　Review；〃　x。　102。

What！　（Critobulus　exclaimed）；　do　you；　Socrates；　really　believe　that　the　king　of　Persia　pays　a　personal　regard　to　husbandry；　along　with　all　his　other　cares？

Soc。　We　have　only　to　investigate　the　matter；　Critobulus；　and　I　daresay　we　shall　discover　whether　this　is　so　or　not。　We　are　agreed　that　he　takes　strong　interest　in　military　matters；　since；　however　numerous　the　tributary　nations；　there　is　a　governor　to　each；　and　every　governor　has　orders　from　the　king　what　number　of　cavalry；　archers；　slingers　and　targeteers＇3＇　it　is　his　business　to　support；　as　adequate　to　control　the　subject　population；　or　in　case　of　hostile　attack　to　defend　the　country。　Apart　from　these　the　king　keeps　garrisons　in　all　the　citadels。　The　actual　support　of　these　devolves　upon　the　governor；　to　whom　the　duty　is　assigned。　The　king　himself　meanwhile　conducts　the　annual　inspection　and　review　of　troops；　both　mercenary　and　other；　that　have　orders　to　be　under　arms。　These　all　are　simultaneously　assembled　（with　the　exception　of　the　garrisons　of　citadels）　at　the　mustering　ground；＇4＇　so　named。　That　portion　of　the　army　within　access　of　the　royal　residence　the　king　reviews　in　person；　the　remainder；　living　in　remoter　districts　of　the　empire；　he　inspects　by　proxy；　sending　certain　trusty　representatives。＇5＇　Wherever　the　commandants　of　garrisons；　the　captains　of　thousands；　and　the　satraps＇6＇　are　seen　to　have　their　appointed　members　complete；　and　at　the　same　time　shall　present　their　troops　equipped　with　horse　and　arms　in　thorough　efficiency；　these　officers　the　king　delights　to　honour；　and　showers　gifts　upon　them　largely。　But　as　to　those　officers　whom　he　finds　either　to　have　neglected　their　garrisons；　or　to　have　made　private　gain　of　their　position；　these　he　heavily　chastises；　deposing　them　from　office；　and　appointing　other　superintendents＇7＇　in　their　stead。　Such　conduct；　I　think　we　may　say；　indisputably　proves　the　interest　which　he　takes　in　matters　military。

＇3＇　Or；　Gerrophoroi；　〃wicker…shield　bearers。〃

＇4＇　Or；　〃rendezvous〃；　〃the　'Champ　de　Mars'　for　the　nonce。〃　Cf。　　　　　〃Cyrop。〃　VI。　ii。　11。

＇5＇　Lit。　〃he　sends　some　of　the　faithful　to　inspect。〃　Cf。　our　〃trusty　　　　　and　well…beloved。〃

＇6＇　See；　for　the　system；　Herod。　iii。　89　foll。；　〃Cyrop。〃　VIII。　vi。　11。

＇7＇　Or；　as　we　say；　〃inspecting　officers。〃　Cf。　〃Cyrop。〃　VIII。　i。　9。

Further　than　this；　by　means　of　a　royal　progress　through　the　country；　he　has　an　opportunity　of　inspecting　personally　some　portion　of　his　territory；　and　again　of　visiting　the　remainder　in　proxy　as　above　by　trusty　representatives；　and　wheresoever　he　perceives　that　any　of　his　governors　can　present　to　him　a　district　thickly　populated；　and　the　soil　in　a　state　of　active　cultivation；　full　of　trees　and　fruits；　its　natural　products；　to　such　officers　he　adds　other　territory；　adorning　them　with　gifts　and　distinguishing　them　by　seats　of　honour。　But　those　officers　whose　land　he　sees　lying　idle　and　with　but　few　inhabitants；　owing　either　to　the　harshness　of　their　government；　their　insolence；　or　their　neglect；　he　punishes；　and　making　them　to　cease　from　their　office　he　appoints　other　rulers　in　their　place。　。　。　。　Does　not　this　conduct　indicate　at　least　as　great　an　anxiety　to　promote　the　active　cultivation　of　the　land　by　its　inhabitants　as　to　provide　for　its　defence　by　military　occupation？＇8＇

＇8＇　Lit。　〃by　those　who　guard　and　garrison　it。〃

Moreover；　the　governors　appointed　to　preside　over　these　two　departments　of　state　are　not　one　and　the　same。　But　one　class　governs　the　inhabitants　proper　including　the　workers　of　the　soil；　and　collects　the　tribute　from　them；　another　is　in　command　of　the　armed　garrisons。　If　the　commandant＇9＇　protects　the　country　insufficiently；　the　civil　governor　of　the　population；　who　is　in　charge　also　of　the　productive　works；　lodges　accusation　against　the　commandant　to　the　effect　that　the　inhabitants　are　prevented　working　through　deficiency　of　protection。　Or　if　again；　in　spite　of　peace　being　secured　to　the　works　of　the　land　by　the　military　governor；　the　civil　authority　still　presents　a　territory　sparse　in　population　and　untilled；　it　is　the　commandant's　turn　to　accuse　the　civil　ruler。　For　you　may　take　it　as　a　rule；　a　population　tilling　their　territory　badly　will　fail　to　support　their　garrisons　and　be　quite　unequal　to　paying　their　tribute。　Where　a　satrap　is　appointed　he　has　charge　of　both　departments。＇10＇

＇9＇　Or；　〃garrison　commandant。〃　Lit。　〃Phrourarch。〃

＇10＇　The　passage　reads　like　a　gloss。　See　about　the　Satrap；　〃Hell。〃　　　　　III。　i。　10；　〃Cyrop。〃　VIII。　vi。　1；　〃Anab。〃　I。　ix。　29　foll。

Thereupon　Critobulus：　Well；　Socrates　（said　he）；　if　such　is　his　conduct；　I　admit　that　the　great　king　does　pay　attention　to　agriculture　no　less　than　to　military　affairs。

And　besides　all　this　（proceeded　Socrates）；　nowhere　among　the　various　countries　which　he　inhabits　or　visits　does　he　fail　to　make　it　his　first　care　that　there　shall　be　orchards　and　gardens；　parks　and　〃paradises；〃　as　they　are　called；　full　of　all　fair　and　noble　products　which　the　earth　brings　forth；　and　within　these　chiefly　he　spends　his　days；　when　the　season　of　the　year　permits。

Crit。　To　be　sure；　Socrates；　it　is　a　natural　and　necessary　conclusion　that　when　the　king　himself　spends　so　large　a　portion　of　his　time　there；　his　paradises　should　be　furnished　to　perfection　with　trees　and　all　else　beautiful　that　earth　brings　forth。

Soc。　And　some　say；　Critobulus；　that　when　the　king　gives　gifts；　he　summons　in　the　first　place　those　who　have　shown　themselves　brave　warriors；　since　all　the　ploughing　in　the　world　were　but　small　gain　in　the　absence　of　those　who　should　protect　the　fields；　and　next　to　these　he　summons　those　who　have　stocked　their　countries　best　and　rendered　them　productive；　on　the　principle　that　but　for　the　tillers　of　the　soil　the　warriors　themselves　could　scarcely　live。　And　there　is　a　tale　told　of　Cyrus；　the　most　famous　prince；　I　need　not　tell　you；　who　ever　wore　a　crown；＇11＇　how　on　one　occasion　he　said　to　those　who　had　been　called　to　receive　the　gifts；　〃it　were　no　injustice；　if　he　himself　received　the　gifts　due　to　warriors　and　tillers　of　the　soil　alike；〃　for　〃did　he　not　carry　off　the　palm　in　stocking　the　country　and　also　in　protecting　the　goods　with　which　it　had　been　stocked？〃

＇11＇　Lit。　〃the　most　glorious　king　that　ever　lived。〃　The　remark　would　　　　　seem　to　apply　better　to　Cyrus　the　Great。　Nitsche　and　others　regard　　　　　these　SS。　18；　19　as　interpolated。　See　Schenkl　ad　loc。

Crit。　Which　clearly　shows；　Socrates；　if　the　tale　be　true；　that　this　same　Cyrus　took　as　great　a　pride　in　fostering　the　productive　energies　of　his　country　and　stocking　it　with　good　things；　as　in　his　reputation　as　a　warrior。

Soc。　Why；　yes　indeed；　had　Cyrus　lived；　I　have　no　doubt　he　would　have　proved　the　best　of　rulers；　and　in　support　of　this　belief；　apart　from　other　testimony　amply　furnished　by　his　life；　witness　what　happened　when　he　marched　to　do　battle　for　the　soveriegnty　of　Persia　with　his　brother。　Not　one　man；　it　is　said；＇12＇　deserted　from　Cyrus　to　the　king；　but　from　the　king　to　Cyrus　tens　of　thousands。　And　this　also　I　deem　a　great　testimony　to　a　ruler's　worth；　that　his　followers　foll